# Can a Party Claim Force Majeure for Increased Economic Hardship under Either Legal System? ▴ Question

**Published:** 2025-08-12
**Categories:** Question

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## Concept

A contractual agreement functions as a closed system, an architecture of obligations designed to produce a predictable commercial outcome. Its core purpose is to allocate risk and define performance with precision, creating a stable framework within which capital and resources can be deployed. The fundamental question of whether a party can claim [force majeure](https://prime.greeks.live/area/force-majeure/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) for increased economic hardship probes the very resilience of this system when faced with severe, unanticipated external pressure.

The answer reveals a critical divergence in legal operating systems, primarily between the [common law](https://prime.greeks.live/area/common-law/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) and [civil law](https://prime.greeks.live/area/civil-law/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) traditions. Understanding this distinction is foundational to architecting robust international agreements that can withstand market volatility without catastrophic failure.

In the common law tradition, particularly under English law, the principle of absolute liability is paramount. The contract itself is the complete and final expression of the parties’ duties. There is no inherent, implied doctrine of force majeure that a court will read into an agreement. Relief from performance due to external events is a right that must be explicitly designed and built into the contract’s structure through a [force majeure clause](https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-strategic-advantage-does-the-inclusion-of-a-force-majeure-clause-provide-to-counterparties/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite).

Without such a clause, a party’s only recourse is the narrow and rarely successful [doctrine of frustration](https://prime.greeks.live/area/doctrine-of-frustration/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite), which requires an event that renders [performance impossible](https://prime.greeks.live/question/can-superior-counterparty-performance-quantification-directly-translate-to-measurably-improved-fund-performance/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite), illegal, or so radically different from what was originally contemplated that it destroys the commercial purpose of the agreement. The system is rigid by design, prioritizing certainty and the sanctity of the original bargain above all else.

> The structural integrity of a contract is tested when external economic pressures exceed the foreseeable fluctuations anticipated during its formation.

Conversely, the civil law framework, which governs most of continental Europe, Latin America, and parts of Asia and Africa, operates on a different set of first principles. In these jurisdictions, the concept of force majeure (or a close equivalent like a “fortuitous event”) is typically a default rule embedded within the civil code itself. It exists as a statutory protection, an operating system patch that can be invoked even if the contract is silent on the matter.

This approach is rooted in principles of equity and good faith, recognizing that certain external events are so overwhelming that holding a party to its performance obligations would be unjust. The system is designed with inherent flexibility, allowing for judicial intervention to adapt the contract to unforeseen realities.

However, the existence of this statutory backstop does not automatically create an escape route for economic hardship. Both legal systems erect a high barrier to excusing performance. The core function of a commercial contract is, after all, the allocation of economic risk. A shift in market prices, a rise in input costs, or a currency fluctuation, however severe, is often viewed as the very type of risk a business agrees to bear when it enters a fixed-price agreement.

Therefore, the analysis in either system pivots from the mere existence of hardship to a more demanding inquiry ▴ does the event render performance impossible or fundamentally alter the nature of the obligation? As we will explore, the answer is most often a resounding no, forcing sophisticated parties to look beyond default legal doctrines and toward specifically engineered contractual solutions.

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## Strategy

Developing a strategy for managing the risk of economic disruption requires a clear understanding of the default rules within each legal system. The strategic decision is whether to rely on the default settings of the [governing law](https://prime.greeks.live/area/governing-law/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) or to architect a more resilient and specific mechanism within the contract itself. The divergence between common law and civil law on this point is not merely academic; it dictates the entire approach to [risk allocation](https://prime.greeks.live/area/risk-allocation/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) concerning market volatility.

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## A Tale of Two Systems

The strategic disposition of a party entering a long-term contract changes dramatically based on the governing legal framework. A party operating under a common law system must adopt a proactive, architectural mindset, as the law provides no safety net for economic distress. In contrast, a party under a civil law system might feel a sense of security from the [statutory doctrine](https://prime.greeks.live/question/can-a-contractual-set-off-clause-effectively-override-statutory-restrictions-in-a-foreign-jurisdiction/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) of force majeure, but this can be a dangerous illusion, as the threshold for invoking it remains exceptionally high.

The following table provides a high-level comparison of the two systems, highlighting the critical distinctions for a party assessing its risk exposure to economic hardship.

| Analytical Vector | Common Law System (e.g. England, USA) | Civil Law System (e.g. France, Germany, Louisiana) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Source of Relief | Exclusively the contract itself. Relief is based on the precise wording of the force majeure clause. | The Civil Code provides a default, statutory doctrine of force majeure that can apply even if not in the contract. |
| Default Position | Absolute liability. Parties are held to the strict terms of their bargain, regardless of economic changes. | Statutory relief is available if an event meets the code’s definition (e.g. unforeseeable, irresistible, making performance impossible). |
| Treatment of Economic Hardship | Universally rejected as a basis for force majeure. Increased cost or unprofitability is considered a standard commercial risk. | Generally rejected as force majeure if it only makes performance more burdensome. Some systems offer relief through separate doctrines like “hardship” or “imprévision.” |
| Key Legal Test | Does the event fall within the contractual definition of force majeure and has it prevented or hindered performance as defined in the clause? | Does the event make performance legally or physically impossible, as defined by the relevant statute? |
| Strategic Imperative | Draft explicit and comprehensive force majeure and hardship clauses. Party autonomy is paramount. | Understand the limitations of the statutory doctrine and supplement it with specific contractual clauses if greater protection is needed. |

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## The Common Law Fortress the Primacy of the Bargain

[Under common](https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-most-common-causes-of-rfp-disputes-in-common-law-jurisdictions/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) law, courts are exceptionally reluctant to interfere with the allocation of risk agreed upon by commercial parties. The prevailing judicial philosophy is that a contract is a financial instrument whose purpose is to provide certainty. The English courts have been particularly clear on this point. In the landmark case of _Thames Valley Power Ltd v.

Total Gas & Power Ltd_, a gas supplier attempted to invoke a force [majeure clause](https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-strategic-advantage-does-the-inclusion-of-a-force-majeure-clause-provide-to-counterparties/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) when the market price of gas rose so dramatically that supplying it at the contract price became ruinously expensive. The court rejected the claim, establishing that the fact a contract has become “dramatically more expensive” to perform does not render it impossible to perform. Performance was still physically possible, and the force majeure clause could not be used to escape a bad bargain.

This precedent underscores the strategic necessity for parties in common law jurisdictions. If protection from severe [economic imbalance](https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-regulatory-changes-could-address-the-imbalance-between-lit-and-dark-markets/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) is desired, it cannot be achieved through a [standard force majeure clause](https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-strategic-advantage-does-the-inclusion-of-a-force-majeure-clause-provide-to-counterparties/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite). The risk of market fluctuation must be addressed head-on through a different, specifically designed contractual tool ▴ the hardship clause.

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## The Civil Law Safety Net and Its Limitations

While civil law systems provide a statutory basis for force majeure, this does not mean they are lenient toward claims of economic difficulty. The codified definitions almost invariably require that the event be “insurmountable” or render performance “impossible.” A Louisiana court, interpreting its civil code in a case arising from Hurricane Katrina, found that economic infeasibility did not meet the standard of impossibility required to excuse performance. The logic is similar to that of the common law ▴ making less money, or even losing money, is not the same as being unable to perform.

Recognizing this gap, some civil law systems have evolved parallel doctrines specifically to address economic imbalance. French law, for instance, incorporates the doctrine of _imprévision_, which allows a party to request renegotiation of a contract that has become excessively onerous due to a change in circumstances that was unforeseeable at the time of contracting. Similarly, the [UNIDROIT Principles](https://prime.greeks.live/area/unidroit-principles/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) of International Commercial Contracts, which are highly influential, make a clear distinction:

- **Force Majeure (Article 7.1.7)** ▴ Excuses non-performance due to an impediment beyond a party’s control that it could not reasonably be expected to have taken into account. The primary remedy is suspension or termination. 

- **Hardship (Article 6.2.2)** ▴ Applies when events fundamentally alter the equilibrium of the contract, making performance excessively onerous. The primary remedy is not to excuse performance, but to compel the parties to renegotiate in good faith. 

This bifurcation is the key strategic insight. Force majeure is a tool for dealing with impossibility. Hardship is a tool for dealing with extreme economic imbalance. A party whose primary concern is a collapse in market prices or a spike in input costs should be focused on architecting a hardship clause, not relying on force majeure.

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## Execution

The execution of a claim for relief from contractual obligations, or the defense against such a claim, is a matter of procedural precision and rigorous analysis. Whether operating under a common law or civil law system, the party seeking relief bears the heavy burden of proof. Success depends on a disciplined adherence to the contractual machinery and a clear-eyed assessment of the legal thresholds. Relying on a vague notion of “fairness” is a path to failure; one must operate the system according to its specified protocols.

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## Operational Protocol for Invoking Relief

A party contemplating a force majeure or hardship claim must proceed methodically. The following checklist outlines a robust operational sequence for evaluating and executing such a claim.

- **System Analysis The Governing Law** ▴ First, confirm the governing law of the contract. This initial step determines the entire framework of the analysis. Is it a common law jurisdiction where the contract is supreme, or a civil law jurisdiction where a statutory doctrine may supplement the contract? 

- **Clause Deconstruction The Contractual Text** ▴ Locate and dissect the relevant clause. Is it a [standard force majeure](https://prime.greeks.live/question/how-does-the-close-out-amount-calculation-differ-between-a-force-majeure-event-and-a-standard-event-of-default/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) clause, or is there a specific hardship, price escalation, or material adverse change clause? The precise wording is paramount. Pay close attention to:

<li>The list of triggering events. Is your event specifically listed?

- The “catch-all” language (e.g. “any other event beyond the reasonable control of the parties”).

- Any explicit exclusions (e.g. “economic changes are specifically excluded”).

</li>
- **Event Qualification Is The Threshold Met?** ▴ The event must be rigorously assessed against the requirements of the clause or the governing law. For a force majeure claim, this typically involves proving three elements:

<li>**Externality** ▴ The event was beyond the party’s reasonable control.

- **Unforeseeability** ▴ The event could not have been reasonably foreseen at the time of contracting (this is often required by statute in civil law, but not always in common law clauses).

- **Insurmountability** ▴ The consequences of the event could not be overcome by reasonable measures.

</li>
- **Causation The Unbroken Chain** ▴ It is insufficient for a [force majeure event](https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-key-differences-in-calculating-the-termination-amount-for-a-force-majeure-event-versus-an-event-of-default/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) to have simply occurred. The claiming party must demonstrate a direct causal link between the event and its inability to perform. This is often referred to as the “but for” test ▴ but for the force majeure event, the party would have been ready, willing, and able to perform its obligations. 

- **Procedural Compliance The Notice Protocol** ▴ The contract will almost certainly contain specific notice requirements. These are not mere formalities; they are often conditions precedent to relief. Failure to provide timely and detailed notice as prescribed by the contract can be fatal to a claim, regardless of its underlying merits. 

- **Mitigation The Duty To Act** ▴ Both legal systems, either explicitly in the contract or through general principles of law, impose a duty on the affected party to take all reasonable steps to mitigate the effects of the force majeure event. This could include sourcing alternative supplies, finding different shipping routes, or proposing workarounds. A party must be able to produce a detailed record of its mitigation efforts. 

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## Architecting the Hardship Clause

Given that force majeure is an inappropriate instrument for addressing economic imbalance, sophisticated parties engineer specific hardship clauses into their long-term agreements. These clauses are designed not to terminate the contract, but to restore its economic equilibrium. A well-designed hardship clause is a finely tuned piece of contractual machinery. The following table dissects its key components.

| Component | Function and Strategic Consideration |
| --- | --- |
| The Trigger | This defines the threshold for invoking the clause. It must be objective and quantifiable to avoid disputes. Examples include ▴ “a change in the cost of raw material X by more than 50% over a 90-day period” or “a change in the relevant currency exchange rate rendering performance 75% more expensive.” Vague triggers like “fundamentally alters the economic balance” should be avoided. |
| The Notice Mechanism | Similar to a force majeure clause, this sets out the formal procedure for a party to notify the other that a hardship trigger has been met. It should specify the timing, format, and required content of the notice, which should include detailed evidence supporting the claim. |
| The Renegotiation Period | Once the clause is triggered, it should mandate a period of good faith negotiations (e.g. 60 or 90 days) during which the parties must attempt to agree on revised terms (e.g. a new price, adjusted delivery schedules) to restore the contract’s balance. |
| The Deadlock Resolution | This is the most critical component. If the parties cannot agree on revised terms within the specified period, the clause must dictate the outcome. Options include ▴ Referral to an independent expert for a binding price adjustment. Mediation or arbitration to determine new terms. A right for one or both parties to terminate the contract without liability. |

> A well-architected hardship clause provides a procedural roadmap for adapting a contract to severe economic shocks, preserving the commercial relationship where possible.

Ultimately, the ability to claim relief for increased economic hardship is a function of foresight and design. Relying on default legal doctrines is a high-risk strategy. The robust approach involves a clear-eyed assessment of the potential for economic volatility and the deliberate engineering of contractual clauses ▴ specifically hardship clauses ▴ that provide a clear, predictable, and orderly process for managing such disruptions when they arise.

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## References

- Ashurst. “Quickguide – Force majeure under common law.” 28 May 2024.

- “Three degrees of hardship ▴ an English law perspective.” Dentons, 22 January 2021.

- “Force Majeure in Civil Law Jurisdictions ▴ A Superior Doctrine?.” Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP, 12 February 2020.

- Perillo, Joseph M. “Force Majeure and Hardship Under the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts.” Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, vol. 5, 1997, pp. 5-38.

- “Force Majeure Under Common Law and the Civil Codes.docx.” FIDIC.

- Thames Valley Power Ltd v. Total Gas & Power Ltd EWHC 2208 (Comm).

- Davis Contractors Ltd v. Fareham Urban District Council AC 696.

- Tandrin Aviation Holdings Ltd v. Aero Toy Store LLC EWHC 40 (Comm).

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## Reflection

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## From Legal Doctrine to System Architecture

The exploration of force majeure and economic hardship moves the practitioner beyond a simple recitation of legal rules into the realm of system design. Viewing a contract not as a static legal document but as a dynamic operational framework for risk allocation changes the entire perspective. The default settings of a given legal system ▴ whether the rigid absolutism of common law or the codified flexibility of civil law ▴ are merely the foundational layer. They represent the operating system on which a more sophisticated application can be built.

The true strategic challenge lies in architecting this application layer. It requires a granular analysis of the specific risks inherent in a long-term commercial relationship. Is the primary threat a physical disruption, like a natural disaster, or a market disruption, like a price collapse? The answer dictates the choice of tools.

A standard force majeure clause is the appropriate instrument for the former, while a meticulously calibrated hardship clause is the necessary solution for the latter. To confuse the two, or to rely on one to do the job of the other, is a critical design flaw.

This analytical process elevates contract drafting from a reactive, compliance-driven exercise to a proactive, strategic one. The goal becomes the creation of a resilient, self-regulating system that can adapt to external shocks in a predictable and orderly manner, preserving the commercial intent of the parties without requiring recourse to costly and uncertain litigation. The ultimate operational advantage is found not in knowing the law, but in using the law as a raw material to construct a superior commercial architecture.

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## Glossary

<a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/force-majeure/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Force Majeure

Meaning ▴ Force Majeure designates a contractual clause excusing parties from fulfilling their obligations due to extraordinary events beyond their reasonable control, such as natural disasters, acts of war, or government prohibitions, which render performance impossible or commercially impracticable. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/common-law/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Common Law

Meaning ▴ Common Law, within the context of institutional digital asset derivatives, signifies an emergent set of operational principles and de facto standards that govern market behavior and interaction, arising from repeated transactional patterns and collective participant consensus rather than explicit codified rules or smart contract stipulations. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/civil-law/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Civil Law

Meaning ▴ Within the architecture of institutional digital asset derivatives, Civil Law represents a foundational, codified framework of operational rules and procedures that govern the lifecycle of financial instruments and their associated transactions, emphasizing deterministic outcomes and pre-defined execution paths. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-strategic-advantage-does-the-inclusion-of-a-force-majeure-clause-provide-to-counterparties/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Force Majeure Clause

A force majeure clause provides a decisive strategic advantage by transforming unpredictable, catastrophic risk into a managed, procedural contingency. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/doctrine-of-frustration/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Doctrine of Frustration

Meaning ▴ The Doctrine of Frustration, within the context of institutional digital asset derivatives, designates a legal principle addressing situations where an unforeseen event fundamentally alters the performance obligations of a contract, rendering its execution impossible or radically different from the parties' original intent. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/can-superior-counterparty-performance-quantification-directly-translate-to-measurably-improved-fund-performance/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Performance Impossible

Quantifying counterparty execution quality translates directly to fund performance by minimizing costs and preserving alpha. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/risk-allocation/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Risk Allocation

Meaning ▴ Risk Allocation refers to the systematic assignment and distribution of financial exposure and its potential outcomes across various entities, portfolios, or operational units within an institutional trading framework. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/governing-law/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Governing Law

Meaning ▴ Governing Law specifies the legal jurisdiction whose statutes and precedents will control the interpretation and enforcement of a contractual agreement, particularly critical for institutional digital asset derivatives. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/can-a-contractual-set-off-clause-effectively-override-statutory-restrictions-in-a-foreign-jurisdiction/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Statutory Doctrine

A contractual set-off clause's authority is potent under its chosen law but yields to the mandatory statutory regimes of foreign jurisdictions. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-most-common-causes-of-rfp-disputes-in-common-law-jurisdictions/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![Sleek, intersecting metallic elements above illuminated tracks frame a central oval block. This visualizes institutional digital asset derivatives trading, depicting RFQ protocols for high-fidelity execution, liquidity aggregation, and price discovery within market microstructure, ensuring best execution on a Prime RFQ](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-system-for-optimal-execution.jpg)

## Under Common

RFP disputes in common law arise from ambiguity, flawed evaluations, and broken communication, which undermine the duty of fairness. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-strategic-advantage-does-the-inclusion-of-a-force-majeure-clause-provide-to-counterparties/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![Sleek metallic system component with intersecting translucent fins, symbolizing multi-leg spread execution for institutional grade digital asset derivatives. It enables high-fidelity execution and price discovery via RFQ protocols, optimizing market microstructure and gamma exposure for capital efficiency](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-trading-system-rfq-protocols.jpg)

## Majeure Clause

A force majeure clause provides a decisive strategic advantage by transforming unpredictable, catastrophic risk into a managed, procedural contingency. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-strategic-advantage-does-the-inclusion-of-a-force-majeure-clause-provide-to-counterparties/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![An exposed high-fidelity execution engine reveals the complex market microstructure of an institutional-grade crypto derivatives OS. Precision components facilitate smart order routing and multi-leg spread strategies](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-engine-microstructure-2.jpg)

## Standard Force Majeure Clause

A force majeure clause provides a decisive strategic advantage by transforming unpredictable, catastrophic risk into a managed, procedural contingency. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-regulatory-changes-could-address-the-imbalance-between-lit-and-dark-markets/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A sleek, multi-component device in dark blue and beige, symbolizing an advanced institutional digital asset derivatives platform. The central sphere denotes a robust liquidity pool for aggregated inquiry](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-platform-system.jpg)

## Economic Imbalance

Regulatory changes aim to rebalance market architecture by tuning protocols that govern liquidity flow and information transparency. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/unidroit-principles/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![Geometric shapes symbolize an institutional digital asset derivatives trading ecosystem. A pyramid denotes foundational quantitative analysis and the Principal's operational framework](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-system-microstructure.jpg)

## Unidroit Principles

Meaning ▴ The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts constitute a codified set of non-binding rules designed to provide a neutral, internationally recognized framework for commercial agreements. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/how-does-the-close-out-amount-calculation-differ-between-a-force-majeure-event-and-a-standard-event-of-default/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A sleek, disc-shaped system, with concentric rings and a central dome, visually represents an advanced Principal's operational framework. It integrates RFQ protocols for institutional digital asset derivatives, facilitating liquidity aggregation, high-fidelity execution, and real-time risk management](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/prime-os-rfq-protocol-engine-digital-asset-derivatives-execution.jpg)

## Standard Force Majeure

The close-out calculation shifts from a unilateral, protective valuation by the non-breaching party in a default to a bilateral, equitable mid-market valuation by both parties in a force majeure. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-key-differences-in-calculating-the-termination-amount-for-a-force-majeure-event-versus-an-event-of-default/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A large, smooth sphere, a textured metallic sphere, and a smaller, swirling sphere rest on an angular, dark, reflective surface. This visualizes a principal liquidity pool, complex structured product, and dynamic volatility surface, representing high-fidelity execution within an institutional digital asset derivatives market microstructure](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-optimized-market-microstructure-precision.jpg)

## Force Majeure Event

The calculation for an Event of Default is a unilateral risk mitigation tool; for Force Majeure, it is a bilateral, fair-value process. </a>

**Tags:** [Risk Allocation](https://options.greeks.live/area/risk-allocation/), [Imprévision](https://options.greeks.live/area/imprevision/), [Contract Law](https://options.greeks.live/area/contract-law/), [Civil Law](https://options.greeks.live/area/civil-law/), [Governing Law](https://options.greeks.live/area/governing-law/), [Hardship Clause](https://options.greeks.live/area/hardship-clause/)	

## Discover More

- 
### [Does the Governing Law of a Contract Significantly Impact a Force Majeure Claim?](https://options.greeks.live/question/does-the-governing-law-of-a-contract-significantly-impact-a-force-majeure-claim/)
![A central teal and dark blue conduit intersects dynamic, speckled gray surfaces. This embodies institutional RFQ protocols for digital asset derivatives, ensuring high-fidelity execution across fragmented liquidity pools. It optimizes price discovery, atomic settlement, and capital efficiency.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-execution-engine-3.jpg)

The governing law of a contract is the determinative legal framework that dictates the existence, interpretation, and success of a force majeure claim.

- 
### [Can an Economic Downturn Be Considered a Trigger for a Force Majeure Clause in a Contract?](https://options.greeks.live/question/can-an-economic-downturn-be-considered-a-trigger-for-a-force-majeure-clause-in-a-contract/)
![Sleek, futuristic metallic components showcase a dark, reflective dome encircled by a textured ring, representing a Volatility Surface for Digital Asset Derivatives. This Prime RFQ architecture enables High-Fidelity Execution and Private Quotation via RFQ Protocols for Block Trade liquidity.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/advanced-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-platform-architecture-for-high-fidelity-rfq-protocol-execution-and-price-discovery.jpg)

An economic downturn is not a force majeure event unless the contract's architecture is explicitly engineered to define it as such.

- 
### [Master Optimal Crypto Options Pricing](https://options.greeks.live/guide/master-optimal-crypto-options-pricing/)
![A precision mechanism with a central circular core and a linear element extending to a sharp tip, encased in translucent material. This symbolizes an institutional RFQ protocol's market microstructure, enabling high-fidelity execution and price discovery for digital asset derivatives. It represents the Prime RFQ intelligence layer ensuring atomic settlement and capital efficiency.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/precision-engineered-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-engine-microstructure-facilitating-optimal-price-discovery-and-best-execution.jpg)

Unlock superior crypto options pricing, commanding execution and achieving a definitive market edge.

- 
### [In What Ways Can the Use of Standard Industry Contract Forms Mitigate the Dangers of an Adversarial Procurement Process?](https://options.greeks.live/question/in-what-ways-can-the-use-of-standard-industry-contract-forms-mitigate-the-dangers-of-an-adversarial-procurement-process/)
![Angular, reflective structures symbolize an institutional-grade Prime RFQ enabling high-fidelity execution for digital asset derivatives. A distinct, glowing sphere embodies an atomic settlement or RFQ inquiry, highlighting dark liquidity access and best execution within market microstructure.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/prime-os-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-protocol.jpg)

Standard contract forms mitigate adversarial risk by replacing negotiated ambiguity with a proven, systemic protocol for governance and risk allocation.

- 
### [How Do You Structure a Contract for a Hybrid Rfp Model?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-do-you-structure-a-contract-for-a-hybrid-rfp-model/)
![A complex, faceted geometric object, symbolizing a Principal's operational framework for institutional digital asset derivatives. Its translucent blue sections represent aggregated liquidity pools and RFQ protocol pathways, enabling high-fidelity execution and price discovery. A central green core signifies atomic settlement and alpha generation in market microstructure.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/principals-prime-os-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution.jpg)

A hybrid RFP contract is a dynamic governance system blending fixed-price and adaptive clauses to manage complex projects with certainty and flexibility.

- 
### [When Is Including a ‘Manifest Error’ Clause in an Expert Determination Agreement Strategically Advisable?](https://options.greeks.live/question/when-is-including-a-manifest-error-clause-in-an-expert-determination-agreement-strategically-advisable/)
![Interlocking transparent and opaque components on a dark base embody a Crypto Derivatives OS facilitating institutional RFQ protocols. This visual metaphor highlights atomic settlement, capital efficiency, and high-fidelity execution within a prime brokerage ecosystem, optimizing market microstructure for block trade liquidity.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/modular-framework-for-crypto-derivatives-os-rfq-protocol-aggregation.jpg)

Including a 'manifest error' clause is strategically advisable for objective, quantitative disputes to ensure correctness without sacrificing finality.

- 
### [What Is the ‘Mirror Image Rule’ and How Does It Apply to Rfp Responses?](https://options.greeks.live/question/what-is-the-mirror-image-rule-and-how-does-it-apply-to-rfp-responses/)
![Intricate metallic mechanisms portray a proprietary matching engine or execution management system. Its robust structure enables algorithmic trading and high-fidelity execution for institutional digital asset derivatives. Interconnecting lines signify FIX protocol data flow and RFQ protocol pathways vital for price discovery.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-engine-market-microstructure.jpg)

The Mirror Image Rule mandates an acceptance be identical to the offer, ensuring absolute clarity in contract formation.

- 
### [What Are the Key Differences between New York and English Law on Netting Enforceability?](https://options.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-key-differences-between-new-york-and-english-law-on-netting-enforceability/)
![A sleek, futuristic apparatus featuring a central spherical processing unit flanked by dual reflective surfaces and illuminated data conduits. This system visually represents an advanced RFQ protocol engine facilitating high-fidelity execution and liquidity aggregation for institutional digital asset derivatives. It embodies precise price discovery, multi-leg spread processing, and atomic settlement within a Prime RFQ framework.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/prime-os-digital-asset-options-rfq-liquidity-aggregation-interface.jpg)

New York law provides explicit statutory safe harbors; English law combines common law with a powerful statutory carve-out for netting.

- 
### [What Are the Key Risks of Including an Overly One-Sided Contract in an RFP?](https://options.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-key-risks-of-including-an-overly-one-sided-contract-in-an-rfp/)
![Detailed metallic disc, a Prime RFQ core, displays etched market microstructure. Its central teal dome, an intelligence layer, facilitates price discovery. Protruding rods signify low-latency RFQ protocol data transmission, ensuring high-fidelity execution for digital asset derivatives.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/principal-operating-system-intelligence-layer-powering-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocols-for-optimal-execution.jpg)

Including an overly one-sided contract in an RFP systemically degrades vendor quality, inflates costs, and installs an adversarial operating model.

---

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---

**Original URL:** https://options.greeks.live/question/can-a-party-claim-force-majeure-for-increased-economic-hardship-under-either-legal-system/
