# Can the Use of Encryption Exempt an Organization from All Data Breach Notification Requirements? ▴ Question

**Published:** 2025-08-04
**Categories:** Question

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## Concept

An organization’s use of encryption introduces a critical layer of defense into its data security architecture. The operative question is whether this defense mechanism provides a complete exemption from [data breach notification](https://prime.greeks.live/area/data-breach-notification/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) obligations. The answer is rooted in a legal and technical principle known as a “safe harbor.” Most data [breach notification](https://prime.greeks.live/area/breach-notification/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) laws, which exist across all 50 U.S. states and in numerous international jurisdictions, contain provisions that may alleviate the requirement to notify individuals if the compromised data was encrypted.

The core logic is straightforward ▴ if unauthorized parties access a dataset but cannot read it because of cryptographic controls, the data is considered unusable, and the risk of harm to individuals is substantially diminished. Consequently, the event may not meet the legal definition of a “breach” that triggers notification duties.

This exemption is conditional and never absolute. Its applicability hinges on two primary factors ▴ the integrity of the encryption itself and the security of the [cryptographic keys](https://prime.greeks.live/area/cryptographic-keys/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite). A breach involving encrypted data where the corresponding decryption key is also compromised is functionally equivalent to a breach of unencrypted data. In such a scenario, any [safe harbor](https://prime.greeks.live/area/safe-harbor/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) provision becomes void.

Regulators will view the data as exposed, and all notification requirements will apply. Therefore, the security of the [key management system](https://prime.greeks.live/area/key-management-system/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) is as vital as the strength of the encryption algorithm itself. The system must be designed to ensure that data and its corresponding keys are never exposed in the same security event.

> The effective implementation of encryption can transform a potentially catastrophic data breach into a manageable security incident.

The legal landscape for these safe harbors is a complex patchwork of state-level statutes. There is no single, universally accepted standard for what constitutes “adequate” encryption. Some jurisdictions, like Massachusetts, have historically mandated specific minimum standards, such as 128-bit encryption. Others, like California, require the use of a “generally accepted” encryption methodology.

A state like Tennessee specifies compliance with federal standards, namely FIPS 140-2. This regulatory fragmentation requires an organization to build its [data protection](https://prime.greeks.live/area/data-protection/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) strategy not on a generic assumption of compliance, but on a detailed understanding of the legal requirements in every jurisdiction where it holds sensitive data. The system must be architected to meet the highest applicable standard to ensure the broadest possible protection under these [safe harbor provisions](https://prime.greeks.live/area/safe-harbor-provisions/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite).

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## Strategy

Integrating encryption as a strategic control against [data breach](https://prime.greeks.live/area/data-breach/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) notification requirements is a function of risk management. The primary objective is to architect a [data security](https://prime.greeks.live/area/data-security/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) posture where the legal definition of a “data breach” is not met, even if a system perimeter is compromised. This strategy reclassifies a security event from a public-facing crisis into a contained, internal incident, thereby avoiding significant financial and reputational costs.

The strategic deployment of encryption is predicated on a clear-eyed assessment of the legal and financial liabilities associated with a data breach. These liabilities extend beyond regulatory fines to include the operational costs of notification, credit monitoring services for affected individuals, and the intangible damage to customer trust and brand equity.

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## Architecting for Legal Compliance

A successful strategy requires a detailed mapping of data assets to the specific legal jurisdictions they fall under. An organization operating nationwide in the U.S. must design its encryption framework to be compliant with the most stringent state laws. This “highest standard” approach ensures that the safe harbor defense is viable regardless of where a breach’s impact is felt.

For instance, if one state requires [FIPS 140-2](https://prime.greeks.live/area/fips-140-2/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) validated modules and another requires role-based access control for cryptographic keys, the system architecture must incorporate both. The strategy is one of pre-emptive compliance, building a system that anticipates and exceeds the fragmented requirements of the regulatory landscape.

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## How Do Different Jurisdictions Define Encryption Requirements?

The variance in legal standards for encryption safe harbors necessitates a granular approach to compliance. An organization’s strategy must account for these differences to be effective. The following table illustrates a sample of these varying requirements, demonstrating why a one-size-fits-all approach is insufficient.

| Jurisdiction (State) | Encryption Standard for Safe Harbor | Key Management Consideration |
| --- | --- | --- |
| New York | No specific standard defined in the statute, but the law considers a breach to have occurred only if both the encrypted data and the encryption key are acquired. | The security of the encryption key is explicitly linked to the definition of a breach. |
| California | Data must be rendered unreadable or unusable by an unauthorized person through a “generally accepted” encryption methodology. | The statute implies that if the key is acquired, the data is readable and thus the safe harbor does not apply. |
| Massachusetts | Requires a minimum of 128-bit encryption or higher. | The focus is on the algorithmic strength, though key compromise would negate the protection. |
| Tennessee | Encryption must comply with the current version of the Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 140-2. | This is a highly specific, technical requirement that necessitates use of federally validated cryptographic modules. |

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## The Economic Case for Robust Encryption

The strategic value of avoiding breach notification is quantifiable. The costs associated with a breach are multifaceted, encompassing direct financial outlays and long-term reputational harm. A robust encryption and [key management](https://prime.greeks.live/area/key-management/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) system should be viewed as an investment that yields a significant return by mitigating these potential costs.

The strategy involves a cost-benefit analysis where the expense of implementing and maintaining a high-assurance cryptographic system is weighed against the probable costs of a data breach. Given that the average cost per breached record can be hundreds of dollars, the economic justification for a strong encryption posture is compelling.

> A sound encryption strategy is a direct investment in financial resilience and brand preservation.

The implementation of such a strategy moves data protection from a purely technical function to a core component of the organization’s financial and legal strategy. It requires collaboration between the Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), the General Counsel, and the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) to align the technical architecture with the legal requirements and financial objectives of the business. The goal is a state of “provable security,” where in the event of an incident, the organization can affirmatively demonstrate to regulators that the compromised data was effectively protected and that no notification is required under the applicable laws.

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## Execution

The operational execution of an encryption strategy capable of securing a safe harbor exemption is a matter of technical precision and procedural discipline. It extends beyond simply selecting an encryption algorithm. It demands the construction of a comprehensive data protection ecosystem where cryptographic controls are integrated at every level of the data lifecycle.

The system’s design must ensure that encrypted data remains indecipherable to unauthorized parties, even in the event of a significant network intrusion. This requires a focus on two interdependent domains ▴ the cryptographic implementation itself and the architecture of the key management infrastructure.

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## Implementing a Defensible Encryption Posture

The first phase of execution is the selection and implementation of cryptographic technologies that meet or exceed the standards mandated by relevant jurisdictions. This involves a [data-centric security](https://prime.greeks.live/area/data-centric-security/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) model, where protection is applied directly to the data itself. This is a departure from relying solely on perimeter defenses.

- **Data Classification** ▴ The process begins with a rigorous data classification scheme. All sensitive data, particularly [Personally Identifiable Information](https://prime.greeks.live/area/personally-identifiable-information/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) (PII) and Protected Health Information (PHI), must be identified and tagged. This allows for the application of appropriate encryption policies based on data sensitivity and regulatory requirements.

- **Algorithm and Standard Selection** ▴ Based on the classification and the jurisdictional analysis conducted in the strategy phase, the appropriate encryption standards must be selected. Where FIPS 140-2 is required, only cryptographic modules that have been validated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) can be used. In other cases, selecting algorithms like AES-256 provides a high degree of security that is considered a “generally accepted” industry standard.

- **Implementation Across the Data Lifecycle** ▴ Encryption must be applied to data at rest (in databases, storage arrays) and in transit (as it moves across the network). This requires the deployment of a suite of technologies, including transparent database encryption, file-level encryption, and Transport Layer Security (TLS) for network communications.

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## What Are the Core Components of a Secure Key Management System?

The effectiveness of any encryption scheme is entirely dependent on the security of its keys. A compromised key renders the strongest encryption useless. Therefore, the execution of a robust key management system is the most critical element of the entire strategy. The architecture must be designed to protect keys from theft, loss, and unauthorized access.

- **Hardware Security Modules (HSMs)** ▴ For the highest level of assurance, encryption keys should be generated, stored, and managed within a FIPS 140-2 validated HSM. These devices are purpose-built to be tamper-resistant and provide a secure cryptographic boundary.

- **Separation of Duties and Role-Based Access Control** ▴ Key management policies must enforce strict separation of duties. The individuals or systems that manage cryptographic keys should be distinct from those who have access to the encrypted data. Access to keys must be governed by a “least privilege” principle, where entities are granted only the minimum permissions necessary to perform their functions.

- **Key Lifecycle Management** ▴ The system must automate the entire lifecycle of a key, including its generation, rotation, and eventual destruction. Regular key rotation limits the window of opportunity for an attacker who might compromise a single key. Secure and documented destruction procedures are necessary to ensure that retired keys cannot be recovered.

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## Modeling the Financial Impact

The execution of this strategy has a direct and measurable financial component. By successfully securing a safe harbor exemption, an organization avoids a cascade of breach-related costs. The following table provides a simplified model of the potential cost avoidance, illustrating the economic rationale for investing in a high-assurance encryption architecture.

| Cost Category | Estimated Cost Without Safe Harbor (Per 100,000 Records) | Estimated Cost With Effective Encryption (Safe Harbor) | Rationale for Reduction |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Regulatory Fines | $500,000 – $2,000,000+ | $0 | Compliance with safe harbor provisions avoids penalties for the breach itself. |
| Customer Notification | $100,000 – $250,000 | $0 | No notification is legally required if the safe harbor conditions are met. |
| Credit Monitoring Services | $1,200,000 – $3,600,000 (at $10-$30/record/year) | $0 | No risk of identity theft from encrypted data means no need for monitoring services. |
| Legal and Forensic Services | $200,000 – $500,000 | $50,000 – $100,000 | Legal and forensic costs are still incurred to investigate the incident, but they are significantly lower without a full-scale breach response. |

This financial model underscores the ultimate purpose of the execution phase. It is about building a defensible system of controls that not only protects data but also insulates the organization from the severe economic consequences of a data breach. The execution is successful when the organization can prove, with technical and procedural evidence, that a security incident did not result in a notifiable data breach.

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## References

- BCLP. “Encryption Considerations under Data Breach Notification Laws.” Data Security & Privacy, 20 Mar. 2019.

- BACS Consulting Group. “Safe Harbor laws ▴ Mitigating the impact of a data breach.” 2022.

- CloudMask. “Data Breaches ▴ What You Need to Know.” 2023.

- Travers, Stephen M. “Safe Harbor From Data Breach Notification.” Cyber Law Blog, AMP.legal, 3 July 2017.

- StratoKey. “Encryption and Data Breach Laws.” 2023.

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## Reflection

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## Is Your Data Security Posture an Asset or a Liability?

The principles outlined here demonstrate that encryption is a powerful instrument for managing regulatory risk. Its effective deployment transforms data security from a cost center into a strategic asset that provides a quantifiable return on investment through [risk mitigation](https://prime.greeks.live/area/risk-mitigation/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite). An organization’s ability to withstand a security incident without triggering a cascade of legal and financial liabilities is a measure of its operational resilience.

The ultimate question for any system architect or security leader is how their current data protection framework would perform under the scrutiny of a regulator post-incident. The answer reveals the true strength and strategic value of the entire security program.

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## Glossary

<a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/data-breach-notification/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Data Breach Notification

Meaning ▴ Data Breach Notification refers to the mandatory legal or regulatory requirement for organizations to inform affected individuals, and often regulatory bodies, following a security incident that compromises sensitive or protected data. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/breach-notification/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Breach Notification

Meaning ▴ Breach Notification refers to the mandated process of informing affected individuals, regulatory bodies, and sometimes the public, about a data security incident where sensitive or protected information has been accessed, disclosed, or acquired without authorization. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/cryptographic-keys/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Cryptographic Keys

Meaning ▴ Cryptographic Keys are fundamental data elements, typically strings of characters, that function as parameters for cryptographic algorithms, enabling the secure transformation of data. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/safe-harbor/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Safe Harbor

Meaning ▴ A Safe Harbor, in the context of crypto institutional investing and broader financial regulation, designates a specific provision within a law or regulation that protects an entity from legal or regulatory liability under explicit, predefined conditions. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/key-management-system/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Key Management System

Meaning ▴ A Key Management System (KMS), in the context of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology, is a dedicated infrastructure designed for the secure generation, storage, distribution, rotation, and revocation of cryptographic keys. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/safe-harbor-provisions/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Safe Harbor Provisions

Meaning ▴ Safe Harbor Provisions are specific clauses or exemptions within laws or regulations that protect certain entities or activities from liability, or from being classified under more stringent regulatory regimes, provided they meet predefined conditions. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/data-protection/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Data Protection

Meaning ▴ Data Protection, within the crypto ecosystem, refers to the comprehensive set of policies, technical safeguards, and legal frameworks designed to secure sensitive information from unauthorized access, alteration, destruction, or disclosure. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/data-security/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Data Security

Meaning ▴ Data Security, within the systems architecture of crypto and institutional investing, represents the comprehensive set of measures and protocols implemented to protect digital assets and information from unauthorized access, corruption, or theft throughout their lifecycle. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/data-breach/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Data Breach

Meaning ▴ A Data Breach within the context of crypto technology and investing refers to the unauthorized access, disclosure, acquisition, or use of sensitive information stored within digital asset systems. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/fips-140-2/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Fips 140-2

Meaning ▴ FIPS 140-2, or Federal Information Processing Standard Publication 140-2, is a U. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/key-management/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Key Management

Meaning ▴ Key Management, within the crypto technology and investing landscape, refers to the systematic process of generating, storing, protecting, using, rotating, and revoking cryptographic keys that control access to digital assets and secure blockchain transactions. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/data-centric-security/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Data-Centric Security

Meaning ▴ Data-Centric Security is an architectural approach prioritizing the protection of data itself, irrespective of its location or the systems through which it travels, rather than focusing solely on perimeter defenses. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/personally-identifiable-information/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Personally Identifiable Information

Meaning ▴ Personally Identifiable Information (PII) encompasses any data capable of directly or indirectly identifying a specific individual. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/risk-mitigation/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Risk Mitigation

Meaning ▴ Risk Mitigation, within the intricate systems architecture of crypto investing and trading, encompasses the systematic strategies and processes designed to reduce the probability or impact of identified risks to an acceptable level. </a>

**Tags:** [Breach Notification](https://options.greeks.live/area/breach-notification/), [Key Management](https://options.greeks.live/area/key-management/), [Hardware Security Module](https://options.greeks.live/area/hardware-security-module/), [Encryption Safe Harbor](https://options.greeks.live/area/encryption-safe-harbor/), [Data Security](https://options.greeks.live/area/data-security/), [Cryptographic Keys](https://options.greeks.live/area/cryptographic-keys/)	

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- 
### [What Are the Core Technical Standards Driving Block Trade Monitoring Systems?](https://options.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-core-technical-standards-driving-block-trade-monitoring-systems/)
![A precise metallic and transparent teal mechanism symbolizes the intricate market microstructure of a Prime RFQ. It facilitates high-fidelity execution for institutional digital asset derivatives, optimizing RFQ protocols for private quotation, aggregated inquiry, and block trade management, ensuring best execution.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/advanced-principal-trading-systems-driving-high-fidelity-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-protocols.jpg)

Block trade monitoring systems leverage FIX, advanced analytics, and robust data governance to ensure discreet, compliant, and optimized institutional execution.

- 
### [What Are the Primary Security Considerations When Choosing a Crypto Options Exchange?](https://options.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-primary-security-considerations-when-choosing-a-crypto-options-exchange/)
![A centralized intelligence layer for institutional digital asset derivatives, visually connected by translucent RFQ protocols. This Prime RFQ facilitates high-fidelity execution and private quotation for block trades, optimizing liquidity aggregation and price discovery. It ensures capital efficiency and systemic resilience within complex market microstructure.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-grade-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-engine.jpg)

Prioritizing systemic resilience and advanced cryptographic controls safeguards institutional capital on crypto options exchanges.

- 
### [What Are the Operational Challenges of Implementing Block Trade Reporting Protocols?](https://options.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-operational-challenges-of-implementing-block-trade-reporting-protocols/)
![A precision-engineered metallic component displays two interlocking gold modules with circular execution apertures, anchored by a central pivot. This symbolizes an institutional-grade digital asset derivatives platform, enabling high-fidelity RFQ execution, optimized multi-leg spread management, and robust prime brokerage liquidity.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-core-for-institutional-trade-flow.jpg)

Implementing block trade reporting protocols faces challenges in data harmonization, latency management, system integration, and regulatory interpretation.

- 
### [What Are the Primary Risk Mitigation Strategies Employed within Crypto Options RFQ Frameworks?](https://options.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-primary-risk-mitigation-strategies-employed-within-crypto-options-rfq-frameworks/)
![Abstract forms on dark, a sphere balanced by intersecting planes. This signifies high-fidelity execution for institutional digital asset derivatives, embodying RFQ protocols and price discovery within a Prime RFQ. It represents market microstructure, managing latent liquidity and counterparty risk for block trades.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-platform-microstructure-execution-prime-os.jpg)

Crypto options RFQ frameworks mitigate risk through pre-trade validation, dynamic counterparty selection, and robust operational controls for superior execution.

- 
### [How Does Multi-Party Computation Enhance the Security of Digital Asset Custody Solutions?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-does-multi-party-computation-enhance-the-security-of-digital-asset-custody-solutions/)
![An abstract composition featuring two overlapping digital asset liquidity pools, intersected by angular structures representing multi-leg RFQ protocols. This visualizes dynamic price discovery, high-fidelity execution, and aggregated liquidity within institutional-grade crypto derivatives OS, optimizing capital efficiency and mitigating counterparty risk.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocols-optimizing-aggregated-liquidity-and-multi-leg-execution-via-advanced-market-microstructure.jpg)

MPC enhances digital asset security by cryptographically distributing a private key, eliminating any single point of failure.

- 
### [How Do Regulatory Frameworks Shape Block Trade Data Requirements?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-do-regulatory-frameworks-shape-block-trade-data-requirements/)
![An abstract institutional-grade RFQ protocol market microstructure visualization. Distinct execution streams intersect on a capital efficiency pivot, symbolizing block trade price discovery within a Prime RFQ. Adjacent liquidity pools and digital asset derivatives underscore high-fidelity execution.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-optimized-microstructure.jpg)

Regulatory frameworks mandate precise data capture and timely reporting for block trades, ensuring market integrity and systemic risk oversight while balancing transparency with liquidity preservation.

- 
### [How Can Firms Use Predictive Analytics to Mitigate the Increased Risk of Settlement Fails under T+1?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-can-firms-use-predictive-analytics-to-mitigate-the-increased-risk-of-settlement-fails-under-t1/)
![Abstract visualization of an institutional-grade digital asset derivatives execution engine. Its segmented core and reflective arcs depict advanced RFQ protocols, real-time price discovery, and dynamic market microstructure, optimizing high-fidelity execution and capital efficiency for block trades within a Principal's framework.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-engine-interface.jpg)

Firms use predictive analytics to transform T+1 settlement risk from a reactive problem into a proactive, data-driven mitigation strategy.

- 
### [What Are the Consequences for a Firm That Fails to Maintain Control over a Vendor’s System?](https://options.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-consequences-for-a-firm-that-fails-to-maintain-control-over-a-vendors-system/)
![A sophisticated, illuminated device representing an Institutional Grade Prime RFQ for Digital Asset Derivatives. Its glowing interface indicates active RFQ protocol execution, displaying high-fidelity execution status and price discovery for block trades. The design suggests robust market microstructure and capital efficiency.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/principal-rfq-engine-for-digital-asset-derivatives-best-execution-1.jpg)

A firm's failure to control a vendor's system invites systemic risk, jeopardizing its financial, operational, and reputational integrity.

- 
### [What Are the Penalties for Non-Compliance with MiFID II Data Storage and Security Requirements?](https://options.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-penalties-for-non-compliance-with-mifid-ii-data-storage-and-security-requirements/)
![Geometric panels, light and dark, interlocked by a luminous diagonal, depict an institutional RFQ protocol for digital asset derivatives. Central nodes symbolize liquidity aggregation and price discovery within a Principal's execution management system, enabling high-fidelity execution and atomic settlement in market microstructure.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-execution-engine-1.jpg)

MiFID II non-compliance penalties are severe, systemic, and designed to enforce absolute data transparency and integrity.

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---

**Original URL:** https://options.greeks.live/question/can-the-use-of-encryption-exempt-an-organization-from-all-data-breach-notification-requirements/
