# How Does TCO Analysis Differ for Services Compared to Physical Assets in an RFP? ▴ Question

**Published:** 2025-08-09
**Categories:** Question

---

![A precision institutional interface features a vertical display, control knobs, and a sharp element. This RFQ Protocol system ensures High-Fidelity Execution and optimal Price Discovery, facilitating Liquidity Aggregation](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-platform-interface.jpg)

![A sphere split into light and dark segments, revealing a luminous core. This encapsulates the precise Request for Quote RFQ protocol for institutional digital asset derivatives, highlighting high-fidelity execution, optimal price discovery, and advanced market microstructure within aggregated liquidity pools](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/high-fidelity-execution-framework-for-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-request-for-quote-protocol-optimization.jpg)

## Concept

An RFP lands on a desk, detailing a critical operational requirement. The document prompts a familiar exercise in financial due diligence, the [Total Cost of Ownership](https://prime.greeks.live/area/total-cost-of-ownership/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) analysis. Yet, the nature of what is being procured fundamentally alters the calculus of this analysis. A request for a fleet of servers, a tangible asset with a predictable lifecycle, presents a set of variables vastly different from a request for a managed cloud infrastructure service, an intangible capability defined by its performance.

The core of the analysis shifts from valuing possession to valuing outcomes. For [physical assets](https://prime.greeks.live/question/to-what-extent-can-advanced-algorithmic-logic-compensate-for-the-disadvantages-of-physical-network-latency/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite), the TCO framework is anchored to the material object itself, its acquisition, maintenance, and eventual disposal. The organization takes direct ownership of the hardware, and with it, the direct responsibility for its entire lifecycle. The costs, while numerous, are largely contained within the sphere of the asset’s physical existence and the internal resources required to support it.

When the RFP specifies a service, the entire model is reoriented. Ownership becomes an abstract concept. The procurement process is acquiring a stream of specified outcomes, governed by a [Service Level Agreement](https://prime.greeks.live/area/service-level-agreement/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite). The [TCO analysis](https://prime.greeks.live/area/tco-analysis/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite), therefore, must quantify the value and risk associated with this stream of performance.

It moves beyond the balance sheet of capital expenditure and depreciation to a profit-and-loss-centric view of operational continuity and efficiency. The analysis must account for the economic impact of service levels, the cost of potential downtime, the strategic value of scalability, and the latent expenses of managing a vendor relationship. This is a far more dynamic and complex calculation, one that measures the cost of achieving a strategic capability, where the primary asset is performance itself.

> TCO analysis for services quantifies the cost of performance outcomes, while for physical assets, it quantifies the cost of possession and maintenance.

![A sleek, metallic instrument with a translucent, teal-banded probe, symbolizing RFQ generation and high-fidelity execution of digital asset derivatives. This represents price discovery within dark liquidity pools and atomic settlement via a Prime RFQ, optimizing capital efficiency for institutional grade trading](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocols-high-fidelity-execution-3.jpg)

## The Foundational Economic Divergence

The fundamental distinction in TCO analysis between physical assets and services originates from the economic principles of capital expenditure (CapEx) versus operational expenditure (OpEx). A [physical asset](https://prime.greeks.live/question/to-what-extent-can-advanced-algorithmic-logic-compensate-for-the-disadvantages-of-physical-network-latency/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite), such as a data center or a fleet of vehicles, represents a significant upfront CapEx investment. The [TCO model](https://prime.greeks.live/area/tco-model/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) for such an asset is heavily weighted towards this initial outlay, followed by a long tail of predictable, albeit substantial, costs for maintenance, insurance, energy consumption, and eventual decommissioning. These costs can be forecasted with a reasonable degree of accuracy, based on historical data, manufacturer specifications, and established depreciation schedules.

The asset is a known quantity, its physical limitations and operational requirements documented. The primary financial challenge is managing the long-term cost burden of a depreciating asset and timing its replacement cycle correctly.

Conversely, a service, like a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) platform or outsourced logistical support, is structured as an OpEx item. The initial cost is typically low, removing the barrier of a large capital investment. The TCO model is dominated by recurring subscription or usage fees. This apparent simplicity conceals a more complex web of value and risk.

The analysis must evaluate the provider’s operational robustness, the financial implications of the SLA, and the “hidden” internal costs of integration, training, and dependency management. The financial exercise becomes one of evaluating the efficiency of paying for a result versus the cost of building the capacity to produce that result internally. The risk profile shifts from asset failure to provider failure, a variable that introduces a host of new considerations around business continuity, data security, and strategic flexibility.

![Polished metallic surface with a central intricate mechanism, representing a high-fidelity market microstructure engine. Two sleek probes symbolize bilateral RFQ protocols for precise price discovery and atomic settlement of institutional digital asset derivatives on a Prime RFQ, ensuring best execution for Bitcoin Options](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/prime-os-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-engine-core-market-microstructure-intelligence-layer.jpg)

![A teal and white sphere precariously balanced on a light grey bar, itself resting on an angular base, depicts market microstructure at a critical price discovery point. This visualizes high-fidelity execution of digital asset derivatives via RFQ protocols, emphasizing capital efficiency and risk aggregation within a Principal trading desk's operational framework](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/precision-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-strategy.jpg)

## Strategy

Developing a strategic TCO framework for an RFP requires a clear understanding of how value is created and where costs are incurred over the procurement’s lifecycle. For physical assets, the strategy is one of lifecycle management. For services, it is one of performance management. This distinction dictates every subsequent step of the analysis, from data collection to risk modeling.

The strategic approach for an asset is introspective, focused on internal capabilities to manage and maintain the item. The strategy for a service is extroverted, focused on managing a relationship and verifying external performance against a contractual standard.

![A polished, dark teal institutional-grade mechanism reveals an internal beige interface, precisely deploying a metallic, arrow-etched component. This signifies high-fidelity execution within an RFQ protocol, enabling atomic settlement and optimized price discovery for institutional digital asset derivatives and multi-leg spreads, ensuring minimal slippage and robust capital efficiency](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/quantitative-finance-driven-rfq-workflow-for-best-execution-in-digital-assets.jpg)

## A Tale of Two Cost Structures

The strategic framework for analyzing the TCO of a physical asset is fundamentally an exercise in [asset lifecycle management](https://prime.greeks.live/area/asset-lifecycle-management/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite). The goal is to build a comprehensive cost model that captures every expense from initial procurement to final disposal. This model is typically linear and predictable, allowing for structured financial planning.

In contrast, the TCO analysis for a service is a dynamic assessment of performance value and risk. The strategy is less about a linear lifecycle and more about a continuous cycle of evaluation, validation, and relationship management. The cost structure is fluid, with the potential for both unexpected expenses from service failures and unanticipated value from superior performance or scalability.

![Intersecting digital architecture with glowing conduits symbolizes Principal's operational framework. An RFQ engine ensures high-fidelity execution of Institutional Digital Asset Derivatives, facilitating block trades, multi-leg spreads](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/principal-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-engine-high-fidelity-execution.jpg)

## TCO Framework for Physical Assets

The strategic lens for physical assets is focused on optimizing a known, finite resource. The core components of this TCO analysis are well-defined and can be broken down into distinct phases:

- **Acquisition Costs** ▴ This extends beyond the purchase price to include all expenses required to make the asset operational. It encompasses shipping, installation, configuration, initial systems integration, and any facility modifications required to house the asset.

- **Operating Costs** ▴ These are the recurring, predictable expenses of using the asset. For machinery, this includes energy consumption, consumables, and routine maintenance. For IT hardware, it covers power, cooling, data center space, and software licensing.

- **Maintenance and Repair Costs** ▴ This category includes scheduled preventative maintenance as well as a budget for unscheduled repairs. It requires forecasting based on mean time between failures (MTBF) data and the cost of spare parts and labor.

- **Disposal Costs** ▴ Often overlooked in initial analyses, the cost to decommission and dispose of an asset can be substantial. This includes expenses for data destruction, hazardous material removal, and recycling or resale preparation.

![Abstract forms representing a Principal-to-Principal negotiation within an RFQ protocol. The precision of high-fidelity execution is evident in the seamless interaction of components, symbolizing liquidity aggregation and market microstructure optimization for digital asset derivatives](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-execution-engine.jpg)

## TCO Framework for Services

The strategic lens for services shifts from managing an object to managing a commitment. The analysis must quantify the value of the promised outcome and the cost of any deviation from that promise. The components are more abstract and interconnected:

- **Subscription and Usage Fees** ▴ This is the most visible cost, representing the baseline OpEx. The analysis must project these fees over the contract term, accounting for any tiered pricing, user-based scaling, or consumption-based models.

- **Integration and Implementation Costs** ▴ While there is no physical installation, there are significant costs to integrate the service into existing workflows and systems. This includes API development, data migration, and process re-engineering.

- **Operational Management Costs** ▴ This category captures the internal human resources required to manage the service and the vendor relationship. It includes contract management, performance monitoring, security audits, and user support.

- **Risk and Compliance Costs** ▴ This is a critical and often underestimated component. It involves quantifying the financial impact of potential service failures, security breaches, or compliance violations. The cost of downtime, for instance, is measured in lost revenue and productivity, which can dwarf the service fees.

> Asset TCO strategy focuses on optimizing a physical lifecycle, while service TCO strategy centers on managing performance and mitigating operational risk.

### Strategic TCO Component Comparison

| TCO Dimension | Physical Asset (e.g. On-Premise Server) | Service (e.g. Cloud Computing Subscription) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Primary Cost Driver | Upfront Capital Expenditure (CapEx) | Recurring Operational Expenditure (OpEx) |
| Lifecycle Focus | Acquisition -> Operation -> Maintenance -> Disposal | Onboarding -> Performance Management -> Renewal/Exit |
| Hidden Costs | Power, cooling, physical security, spare parts inventory, decommissioning fees. | Data egress fees, integration complexity, employee retraining, switching costs, cost of downtime. |
| Risk Profile | Hardware failure, technological obsolescence, capacity mismatch. | Provider viability, security breaches, SLA failures, price increases, vendor lock-in. |
| Scalability Model | Step-function scalability requiring new capital purchases. | Elastic scalability with costs tied to consumption. |

![A deconstructed mechanical system with segmented components, revealing intricate gears and polished shafts, symbolizing the transparent, modular architecture of an institutional digital asset derivatives trading platform. This illustrates multi-leg spread execution, RFQ protocols, and atomic settlement processes](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/deconstructed-principal-trading-system-revealing-core-mechanics-of-digital-asset-derivatives-execution.jpg)

![A complex abstract digital rendering depicts intersecting geometric planes and layered circular elements, symbolizing a sophisticated RFQ protocol for institutional digital asset derivatives. The central glowing network suggests intricate market microstructure and price discovery mechanisms, ensuring high-fidelity execution and atomic settlement within a prime brokerage framework for capital efficiency](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-high-fidelity-execution-5.jpg)

## Execution

Executing a TCO analysis within an RFP process requires a disciplined, data-driven approach. The transition from strategic framework to operational execution involves building detailed financial models that can withstand scrutiny and provide a clear basis for decision-making. The methodologies for physical assets and services diverge significantly at this stage, demanding different data inputs, calculation models, and risk-weighting techniques. The final output should be a quantitative comparison that illuminates the full economic impact of each option over its intended lifecycle.

![Two intersecting metallic structures form a precise 'X', symbolizing RFQ protocols and algorithmic execution in institutional digital asset derivatives. This represents market microstructure optimization, enabling high-fidelity execution of block trades with atomic settlement for capital efficiency via a Prime RFQ](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocols-market-microstructure-execution.jpg)

## Quantitative Modeling for Procurement Decisions

The execution phase is where theoretical cost components are translated into a concrete financial forecast. This requires rigorous data collection and the application of financial principles like [Net Present Value](https://prime.greeks.live/area/net-present-value/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) (NPV) to account for the time value of money, ensuring that future costs are accurately compared to present-day investments.

![A precise mechanism interacts with a reflective platter, symbolizing high-fidelity execution for institutional digital asset derivatives. It depicts advanced RFQ protocols, optimizing dark pool liquidity, managing market microstructure, and ensuring best execution](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-system-prime-os-1.jpg)

## Executing the Asset TCO Model

For a physical asset, the execution begins with a detailed inventory of all potential costs. The RFP should be structured to compel vendors to provide specific data points that feed into this model. This is a bottom-up construction of lifetime cost.

- **Quantify Acquisition Costs** ▴ This involves more than the line-item price. The model must include taxes, shipping, insurance during transit, and one-time professional services for installation and configuration.

- **Model Operating Expenses** ▴ This requires estimating annual costs for elements like power consumption (based on wattage and uptime), cooling requirements for the facility, software licenses, and any other consumables. These are projected over the asset’s useful life, often with an inflation escalator.

- **Forecast Maintenance and Support** ▴ This part of the model includes the annual cost of maintenance contracts. For costs beyond the contract, it involves estimating the cost of labor and parts for repairs, potentially using industry benchmark data for failure rates.

- **Calculate Net Present Value** ▴ All future costs (operating, maintenance, disposal) are discounted back to their present value. This allows for a true “apples-to-apples” comparison of the [total cost](https://prime.greeks.live/area/total-cost/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) stream, which is then added to the initial acquisition cost to arrive at the final TCO figure.

![A precise metallic central hub with sharp, grey angular blades signifies high-fidelity execution and smart order routing. Intersecting transparent teal planes represent layered liquidity pools and multi-leg spread structures, illustrating complex market microstructure for efficient price discovery within institutional digital asset derivatives RFQ protocols](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-engine-for-high-fidelity-execution-across-market-microstructure-dynamics.jpg)

## Executing the Service TCO Model

Executing a TCO analysis for a service is an exercise in scenario modeling and [risk quantification](https://prime.greeks.live/area/risk-quantification/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite). The model must capture the variability and potential impact of performance fluctuations. This is a top-down assessment of operational value.

- **Model Core Service Fees** ▴ The baseline is the subscription or usage fee structure. The model must project usage patterns over the contract term. This may involve creating low, medium, and high usage scenarios to understand the potential range of costs.

- **Quantify Internal Management Overhead** ▴ This requires estimating the “soft costs” of human capital. The model should assign a cost to the hours spent by internal staff on [vendor management](https://prime.greeks.live/area/vendor-management/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite), performance monitoring, incident response coordination, and user training.

- **Calculate the Cost of Risk** ▴ This is the most complex component. It involves assigning a financial value to risk events. For example:

<li>_Cost of Downtime_ ▴ Calculated as (Lost Revenue per Hour + Lost Productivity per Hour) x Annual Estimated Hours of Downtime. The SLA’s uptime guarantee is used to inform the probability of this event.

- _Cost of a Security Breach_ ▴ This model includes potential fines, customer notification costs, credit monitoring services, and brand damage.

</li>
- **Assess Switching Costs** ▴ The model must include a realistic estimate of the cost to migrate away from the service at the end of the contract. This includes data extraction fees, the cost of implementing a new solution, and the temporary productivity loss during the transition.

> The execution of an asset TCO model is a deterministic calculation of known variables, whereas a service TCO model is a probabilistic analysis of performance scenarios and their financial consequences.

The practical application of these models reveals the profound differences in where financial risk and operational burdens lie. Consider the five-year TCO for a critical business application, hosted either on an on-premise server (physical asset) or through a SaaS provider (service). The on-premise model is characterized by a massive initial cash outlay, a large capital investment that depreciates over time but provides a high degree of control. The ongoing costs, while significant, are largely internal and predictable.

The SaaS model, conversely, avoids the capital hit, presenting a smooth, predictable operational expense. The financial risk is externalized to the provider, but this introduces new dependencies and the critical need to financially model the impact of that provider’s performance on the business. The true cost of the service is not its monthly fee, but the fee combined with the monetized risk of failure and the internal overhead of managing that external dependency. This is a fundamental shift in corporate financial strategy. It is a calculated decision to trade capital investment for operational agility, and the TCO model is the tool that quantifies the true price of that trade.

### 5-Year TCO Execution Model ▴ On-Premise Server vs. SaaS

| Cost Component | On-Premise Server (Physical Asset) | SaaS Subscription (Service) | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Acquisition / Setup | $75,000 | $15,000 | Asset cost includes hardware, OS, and installation. Service cost is for data migration and integration consulting. |
| Recurring Fees (Years 1-5) | $50,000 | $240,000 | Asset cost is for software licenses and support. Service cost is the annual subscription fee ($4,000/month). |
| Personnel / Management | $250,000 | $50,000 | Asset requires 0.5 FTE for system admin. Service requires 0.1 FTE for vendor management. (Assumes $100k/year fully burdened FTE). |
| Infrastructure (Power/Space) | $25,000 | $0 | Included in the service fee for SaaS. |
| Risk of Downtime (Modeled) | $10,000 | $25,000 | Asset downtime is internally managed. Service downtime cost is higher due to dependency, even with a 99.9% SLA. |
| Disposal / Exit Costs | $5,000 | $20,000 | Asset disposal is for decommissioning. Service exit cost is for data extraction and transition to a new platform. |
| Total 5-Year TCO | $415,000 | $350,000 | The service appears more cost-effective when all factors are considered. |

![Abstract layers visualize institutional digital asset derivatives market microstructure. Teal dome signifies optimal price discovery, high-fidelity execution](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/high-fidelity-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-protocol-layers-and-market-microstructure-optimization.jpg)

## References

- Ferrer, G. & Villanueva, P. (2010). The Total Cost of Ownership ▴ An Analysis Approach for Purchasing. In _Supply Chain Management ▴ Models, Applications, and Research Directions_.

- Saccani, N. & Perona, M. (2017). Application of a Performance-Driven Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Evaluation Model for Physical Asset Management. In _Advances in Production Management Systems_.

- Ellram, L. M. (1995). Total cost of ownership ▴ an analysis approach for purchasing. _International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 25_(8), 4-23.

- Gartner, Inc. (2003). _Total Cost of Ownership ▴ A Quick-Start Guide_. Gartner Research.

- Adams, D. (2012). _APPA Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Part 1 ▴ Key Principles_. APPA ▴ Leadership in Educational Facilities.

- Karim, A. & Rashid, M. (2019). Total cost of ownership (TCO) in cloud computing ▴ a systematic literature review. _Journal of Cloud Computing ▴ Advances, Systems and Applications, 8_(1).

- Bauer, J. Letmathe, P. & Woeste, R. (2021). Total cost of ownership for battery electric vehicles ▴ The role of energy prices. _Applied Energy, 285_.

![A transparent blue sphere, symbolizing precise Price Discovery and Implied Volatility, is central to a layered Principal's Operational Framework. This structure facilitates High-Fidelity Execution and RFQ Protocol processing across diverse Aggregated Liquidity Pools, revealing the intricate Market Microstructure of Institutional Digital Asset Derivatives](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-system-microstructure-principal-framework.jpg)

## Reflection

![A precision-engineered interface for institutional digital asset derivatives. A circular system component, perhaps an Execution Management System EMS module, connects via a multi-faceted Request for Quote RFQ protocol bridge to a distinct teal capsule, symbolizing a bespoke block trade](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/precision-engineered-interface-for-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-request-for-quote-protocol-high-fidelity-execution-within-principal-operating-system.jpg)

## Calibrating the Economic Lens

The choice between procuring a physical asset and a service is a decision that shapes an organization’s operational structure and financial posture. The TCO analysis serves as the primary tool for this decision, yet its true value lies in the strategic clarity it provides. Viewing the analysis as a mere accounting exercise is a critical error. It is a framework for understanding and quantifying different models of value delivery.

One model is built on control, ownership, and internal responsibility. The other is built on partnership, performance, and external dependency.

Ultimately, the RFP process is a search for a solution, and the TCO analysis defines the economic terms of that solution’s success. Does success lie in the efficient management of a tangible object over its lifespan? Or does it lie in the consistent, reliable delivery of an intangible capability? The answer dictates the structure of the analysis and, in doing so, reveals the organization’s own strategic priorities.

The final number is an output, but the process of arriving at that number is an act of institutional introspection. It forces an organization to place a value on control, a cost on risk, and a price on performance. The most effective TCO model is one that reflects this strategic self-awareness.

![A polished, light surface interfaces with a darker, contoured form on black. This signifies the RFQ protocol for institutional digital asset derivatives, embodying price discovery and high-fidelity execution](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-interface.jpg)

## Glossary

<a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/total-cost-of-ownership/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![Two spheres balance on a fragmented structure against split dark and light backgrounds. This models institutional digital asset derivatives RFQ protocols, depicting market microstructure, price discovery, and liquidity aggregation](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocols-price-discovery-liquidity-aggregation.jpg)

## Total Cost of Ownership

Meaning ▴ Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) is a comprehensive financial metric that quantifies the direct and indirect costs associated with acquiring, operating, and maintaining a product or system throughout its entire lifecycle. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/to-what-extent-can-advanced-algorithmic-logic-compensate-for-the-disadvantages-of-physical-network-latency/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A sharp, translucent, green-tipped stylus extends from a metallic system, symbolizing high-fidelity execution for digital asset derivatives. It represents a private quotation mechanism within an institutional grade Prime RFQ, enabling optimal price discovery for block trades via RFQ protocols, ensuring capital efficiency and minimizing slippage](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-execution-interface.jpg)

## Physical Assets

Advanced logic compensates for latency by transforming the competition from reaction speed to predictive accuracy. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/service-level-agreement/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A sleek, white, semi-spherical Principal's operational framework opens to precise internal FIX Protocol components. A luminous, reflective blue sphere embodies an institutional-grade digital asset derivative, symbolizing optimal price discovery and a robust liquidity pool](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocols-high-fidelity-execution-5.jpg)

## Service Level Agreement

Meaning ▴ A Service Level Agreement (SLA) in the crypto ecosystem is a contractual document that formally defines the specific level of service expected from a cryptocurrency service provider by its client. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/tco-analysis/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A precise mechanical interaction between structured components and a central dark blue element. This abstract representation signifies high-fidelity execution of institutional RFQ protocols for digital asset derivatives, optimizing price discovery and minimizing slippage within robust market microstructure](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-system-interface.jpg)

## Tco Analysis

Meaning ▴ TCO Analysis, or Total Cost of Ownership analysis, is a comprehensive financial methodology that quantifies all direct and indirect costs associated with the acquisition, operation, and maintenance of a particular asset, system, or solution throughout its entire lifecycle. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/to-what-extent-can-advanced-algorithmic-logic-compensate-for-the-disadvantages-of-physical-network-latency/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![This visual represents an advanced Principal's operational framework for institutional digital asset derivatives. A foundational liquidity pool seamlessly integrates dark pool capabilities for block trades](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/principal-crypto-derivatives-os-rfq-execution-microstructure.jpg)

## Physical Asset

Advanced logic compensates for latency by transforming the competition from reaction speed to predictive accuracy. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/tco-model/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A central, dynamic, multi-bladed mechanism visualizes Algorithmic Trading engines and Price Discovery for Digital Asset Derivatives. Flanked by sleek forms signifying Latent Liquidity and Capital Efficiency, it illustrates High-Fidelity Execution via RFQ Protocols within an Institutional Grade framework, minimizing Slippage](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-market-microstructure-rfq-protocol-optimization.jpg)

## Tco Model

Meaning ▴ A Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Model, within the complex crypto infrastructure domain, represents a comprehensive financial analysis framework utilized by institutional investors, digital asset exchanges, or blockchain enterprises to quantify all direct and indirect costs associated with acquiring, operating, and meticulously maintaining a specific technology solution or system over its entire projected lifecycle. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/asset-lifecycle-management/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A precision-engineered blue mechanism, symbolizing a high-fidelity execution engine, emerges from a rounded, light-colored liquidity pool component, encased within a sleek teal institutional-grade shell. This represents a Principal's operational framework for digital asset derivatives, demonstrating algorithmic trading logic and smart order routing for block trades via RFQ protocols, ensuring atomic settlement](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-crypto-derivatives-os-core-algorithmic-execution-engine.jpg)

## Asset Lifecycle Management

Meaning ▴ Asset Lifecycle Management (ALM), within crypto and investing, refers to the systematic process of overseeing digital assets from their acquisition through their operational use and eventual disposition. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/net-present-value/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![Abstract geometric planes in teal, navy, and grey intersect. A central beige object, symbolizing a precise RFQ inquiry, passes through a teal anchor, representing High-Fidelity Execution within Institutional Digital Asset Derivatives](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/rfq-protocols-for-digital-asset-derivatives-high-fidelity-execution-liquidity-aggregation-price-discovery-market-microstructure.jpg)

## Net Present Value

Meaning ▴ Net Present Value (NPV), as applied to crypto investing and systems architecture, is a fundamental financial metric used to evaluate the profitability of a projected investment or project by discounting all expected future cash flows to their present-day equivalent and subtracting the initial investment cost. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/total-cost/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A luminous digital market microstructure diagram depicts intersecting high-fidelity execution paths over a transparent liquidity pool. A central RFQ engine processes aggregated inquiries for institutional digital asset derivatives, optimizing price discovery and capital efficiency within a Prime RFQ](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocols-high-fidelity-execution-principal-operational-framework-price-discovery.jpg)

## Total Cost

Meaning ▴ Total Cost represents the aggregated sum of all expenditures incurred in a specific process, project, or acquisition, encompassing both direct and indirect financial outlays. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/risk-quantification/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![Abstract geometric planes delineate distinct institutional digital asset derivatives liquidity pools. Stark contrast signifies market microstructure shift via advanced RFQ protocols, ensuring high-fidelity execution](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/digital-asset-derivatives-execution-protocol-integrating-rfq-liquidity-and-advanced-market-microstructure.jpg)

## Risk Quantification

Meaning ▴ Risk Quantification is the systematic process of measuring and assigning numerical values to potential financial, operational, or systemic risks within an investment or trading context. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/vendor-management/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A central illuminated hub with four light beams forming an 'X' against dark geometric planes. This embodies a Prime RFQ orchestrating multi-leg spread execution, aggregating RFQ liquidity across diverse venues for optimal price discovery and high-fidelity execution of institutional digital asset derivatives](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-engine-orchestrating-high-fidelity-execution-and-optimal-price-discovery.jpg)

## Vendor Management

Meaning ▴ Vendor Management, in the institutional crypto sector, represents the strategic discipline of overseeing and controlling relationships with third-party providers of goods and services, ensuring that contractual obligations are met, service levels are maintained, and operational risks are effectively mitigated. </a>

**Tags:** [Total Cost](https://options.greeks.live/area/total-cost/), [Net Present Value](https://options.greeks.live/area/net-present-value/), [Total Cost of Ownership](https://options.greeks.live/area/total-cost-of-ownership/), [Cloud Computing TCO](https://options.greeks.live/area/cloud-computing-tco/), [TCO Analysis](https://options.greeks.live/area/tco-analysis/), [On-Premise Infrastructure](https://options.greeks.live/area/on-premise-infrastructure/)	

## Discover More

- 
### [How Does the TCO for a Niche, Industry-Specific RFP System Compare to a General-Purpose Platform?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-does-the-tco-for-a-niche-industry-specific-rfp-system-compare-to-a-general-purpose-platform/)
![A precision-engineered component, like an RFQ protocol engine, displays a reflective blade and numerical data. It symbolizes high-fidelity execution within market microstructure, driving price discovery, capital efficiency, and algorithmic trading for institutional Digital Asset Derivatives on a Prime RFQ.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/high-fidelity-execution-engine-core-for-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-price-discovery.jpg)

A niche RFP system's TCO is often lower, as its embedded efficiencies outweigh the initial cost of a customized generalist platform.

- 
### [How Can Organizations Proactively Design an Rfp Process to Minimize Common Errors?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-can-organizations-proactively-design-an-rfp-process-to-minimize-common-errors/)
![Abstract structure combines opaque curved components with translucent blue blades, a Prime RFQ for institutional digital asset derivatives. It represents market microstructure optimization, high-fidelity execution of multi-leg spreads via RFQ protocols, ensuring best execution and capital efficiency across liquidity pools.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-optimizing-market-microstructure-for-high-fidelity-execution-best-execution-price-discovery-across-liquidity-pools-and-prime-os.jpg)

Proactively designing an RFP involves engineering a system for strategic value discovery, not just drafting a document for procurement.

- 
### [How Does the Weighting of Price in an Rfp Influence the Final Selection Outcome?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-does-the-weighting-of-price-in-an-rfp-influence-the-final-selection-outcome/)
![Precision metallic mechanism with a central translucent sphere, embodying institutional RFQ protocols for digital asset derivatives. This core represents high-fidelity execution within a Prime RFQ, optimizing price discovery and liquidity aggregation for block trades, ensuring capital efficiency and atomic settlement.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-prime-os-execution-hub.jpg)

The weighting of price in an RFP acts as the core parameter in a decision system, dictating whether the outcome reflects true value or cost.

- 
### [What Are the Primary Challenges in Implementing a Total Cost of Ownership Model for Rfp Evaluation?](https://options.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-primary-challenges-in-implementing-a-total-cost-of-ownership-model-for-rfp-evaluation/)
![A sleek, multi-component device with a prominent lens, embodying a sophisticated RFQ workflow engine. Its modular design signifies integrated liquidity pools and dynamic price discovery for institutional digital asset derivatives. This system facilitates high-fidelity execution, real-time risk aggregation, and optimized capital efficiency.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-engine-microstructure-2.jpg)

Implementing a TCO model for RFP evaluation is a challenge of systemic integration over simple accounting.

- 
### [What Are the Key Performance Indicators to Measure the Success of a Negotiated RFP?](https://options.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-key-performance-indicators-to-measure-the-success-of-a-negotiated-rfp/)
![A central, metallic hub anchors four symmetrical radiating arms, two with vibrant, textured teal illumination. This depicts a Principal's high-fidelity execution engine, facilitating private quotation and aggregated inquiry for institutional digital asset derivatives via RFQ protocols, optimizing market microstructure and deep liquidity pools.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/prime-brokerage-digital-asset-rfq-execution-engine-microstructure.jpg)

Measuring RFP success requires a dynamic KPI system that quantifies total value, mitigates risk, and governs the strategic partnership lifecycle.

- 
### [What Are the Core Components of an Rfp Committee Balanced Scorecard?](https://options.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-core-components-of-an-rfp-committee-balanced-scorecard/)
![Precision-engineered abstract components depict institutional digital asset derivatives trading. A central sphere, symbolizing core asset price discovery, supports intersecting elements representing multi-leg spreads and aggregated inquiry. Surrounding structures denote a robust Prime RFQ framework for high-fidelity execution and capital efficiency within market microstructure.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-microstructure-optimization.jpg)

An RFP Committee Balanced Scorecard is a system for translating strategic goals into a weighted, multi-perspective vendor evaluation framework.

- 
### [How Can an Organization Determine the Appropriate Weighting between the Rfq and Rfp Components?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-can-an-organization-determine-the-appropriate-weighting-between-the-rfq-and-rfp-components/)
![Abstract visualization of institutional RFQ protocol for digital asset derivatives. Translucent layers symbolize dark liquidity pools within complex market microstructure. A central channel ensures high-fidelity execution and atomic settlement. Green nodes denote private quotation endpoints, enabling aggregated inquiry and price discovery.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-execution-engine-6.jpg)

Calibrating RFQ and RFP weights is a strategic act of aligning the procurement mechanism to the specific complexity, risk, and value profile of any given acquisition.

- 
### [What Are the Best Practices for Building a TCO Model into a Technology RFP Document?](https://options.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-best-practices-for-building-a-tco-model-into-a-technology-rfp-document/)
![Intricate core of a Crypto Derivatives OS, showcasing precision platters symbolizing diverse liquidity pools and a high-fidelity execution arm. This depicts robust principal's operational framework for institutional digital asset derivatives, optimizing RFQ protocol processing and market microstructure for best execution.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-engine-microstructure-execution-system.jpg)

A TCO model transforms an RFP into a systemic financial analysis, ensuring technology acquisitions support long-term operational value.

- 
### [How Does an Improved Rfp Process Directly Impact the Total Cost of Ownership?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-does-an-improved-rfp-process-directly-impact-the-total-cost-of-ownership/)
![A precision institutional interface features a vertical display, control knobs, and a sharp element. This RFQ Protocol system ensures High-Fidelity Execution and optimal Price Discovery, facilitating Liquidity Aggregation. It's a vital component of a Principal's Operational Framework for Digital Asset Derivatives, optimizing Market Microstructure for Atomic Settlement.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-platform-interface.jpg)

An improved RFP process directly impacts TCO by shifting evaluation from price to lifecycle value, creating a data-driven model for long-term cost reduction.

---

## Raw Schema Data

```json
{
    "@context": "https://schema.org",
    "@type": "BreadcrumbList",
    "itemListElement": [
        {
            "@type": "ListItem",
            "position": 1,
            "name": "Home",
            "item": "https://options.greeks.live"
        },
        {
            "@type": "ListItem",
            "position": 2,
            "name": "Question",
            "item": "https://options.greeks.live/question/"
        },
        {
            "@type": "ListItem",
            "position": 3,
            "name": "How Does TCO Analysis Differ for Services Compared to Physical Assets in an RFP?",
            "item": "https://options.greeks.live/question/how-does-tco-analysis-differ-for-services-compared-to-physical-assets-in-an-rfp/"
        }
    ]
}
```

```json
{
    "@context": "https://schema.org",
    "@type": "Organization",
    "@id": "https://greeks.live/#organization",
    "name": "Greeks.Live",
    "url": "https://greeks.live/",
    "description": "Greeks.live is the definitive toolkit for the professional options trader, dedicated to empowering our users with institutional-grade data, advanced analytics, and a comprehensive suite of trading tools designed to provide a decisive edge in the market. Every article and guide published under the Greeks.live name is a product of our deep commitment to data-driven analysis and our mission to support the global trading community.",
    "email": "support@greeks.live",
    "logo": {
        "@type": "ImageObject",
        "url": "https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Greeks.Live-Logo-Icon.svg"
    },
    "hasPart": [
        {
            "@type": "WebSite",
            "name": "About Us",
            "url": "https://about.greeks.live"
        },
        {
            "@type": "WebSite",
            "name": "App Download Page",
            "url": "https://about.greeks.live/#/download/basic_trade"
        },
        {
            "@type": "WebSite",
            "name": "Newcomers' Guide",
            "url": "https://twisty-sign-c8b.notion.site/Guide-for-Greeks-live-X-Deribit-Newbies-5a08a3052822427d800af6eaf3704c8d"
        },
        {
            "@type": "WebSite",
            "name": "Knowledge Base",
            "url": "https://linktr.ee/greeks.live"
        },
        {
            "@type": "WebSite",
            "name": "Option Terminology",
            "url": "https://greekslive.notion.site/88dfc00e7c584d4d8969b6302a79a12f?pvs=4"
        },
        {
            "@type": "WebSite",
            "name": "Terms of Service",
            "url": "https://greeks.live/#/tos"
        },
        {
            "@type": "WebSite",
            "name": "Disclaimer",
            "url": "https://greeks.live/#/disclaimer"
        }
    ],
    "sameAs": [
        "https://x.com/greekslive",
        "https://youtube.com/@greeks_live?si=-KjT0Lkw4WUCI0tD",
        "https://t.me/greekslive_notifications",
        "https://t.me/greekslive",
        "https://pinterest.com/greekslive/"
    ],
    "makesOffer": [
        {
            "@type": "Offer",
            "itemOffered": {
                "@type": "Service",
                "name": "RFQ Platform",
                "url": "https://rfq.greeks.live",
                "description": "Execute institutional-grade block trades for crypto options and futures. This platform provides deep, over-the-counter (OTC) liquidity via a professional Request for Quote system.",
                "provider": {
                    "@id": "https://greeks.live/#organization"
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "@type": "Offer",
            "itemOffered": {
                "@type": "Service",
                "name": "Lending Tools",
                "url": "https://lend.greeks.live",
                "description": "Manage crypto lending and borrowing activities to earn yield or secure loans. This suite of tools helps users analyze interest rates and manage collateralized debt positions.",
                "provider": {
                    "@id": "https://greeks.live/#organization"
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "@type": "Offer",
            "itemOffered": {
                "@type": "Service",
                "name": "Data Lab",
                "url": "https://greeks.live/#/deribit/tools/datalab/BTC",
                "description": "Analyze historical and real-time options data with advanced metrics. This tool is designed for backtesting strategies and identifying market trends through comprehensive data visualization.",
                "provider": {
                    "@id": "https://greeks.live/#organization"
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "@type": "Offer",
            "itemOffered": {
                "@type": "Service",
                "name": "Profit & Loss Analysis (PnL)",
                "url": "https://greeks.live/#/deribit/tools/pnl_analysis",
                "description": "Track and analyze the Profit and Loss (PnL) of your options portfolio. This tool provides detailed performance metrics to help traders evaluate and refine their strategies.",
                "provider": {
                    "@id": "https://greeks.live/#organization"
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "@type": "Offer",
            "itemOffered": {
                "@type": "Service",
                "name": "Position Visualization",
                "url": "https://greeks.live/#/deribit/tools/pv/BTC",
                "description": "Visualize complex options positions and their corresponding risk profiles. This tool generates payoff diagrams to help traders intuitively understand potential profit, loss, and exposure.",
                "provider": {
                    "@id": "https://greeks.live/#organization"
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "@type": "Offer",
            "itemOffered": {
                "@type": "Service",
                "name": "Options Calculator",
                "url": "https://greeks.live/#/deribit/tools/calculator",
                "description": "Calculate the theoretical price and risk parameters ('the Greeks') of crypto options. An essential tool for pricing new trades and analyzing the sensitivity of existing positions.",
                "provider": {
                    "@id": "https://greeks.live/#organization"
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "@type": "Offer",
            "itemOffered": {
                "@type": "Service",
                "name": "Greeks.live Main Platform",
                "url": "https://greeks.live/",
                "description": "The central hub for the Greeks.live suite of professional cryptocurrency options and derivatives trading tools. Access analytics, manage positions, and explore the ecosystem.",
                "provider": {
                    "@id": "https://greeks.live/#organization"
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "@type": "Offer",
            "itemOffered": {
                "@type": "Service",
                "name": "Community Forum",
                "url": "https://t.greeks.live",
                "description": "Join the official Greeks.live community. Connect with other traders, share insights, and receive the latest updates directly from the team.",
                "provider": {
                    "@id": "https://greeks.live/#organization"
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "@type": "Offer",
            "itemOffered": {
                "@type": "Service",
                "name": "Greeks.live for Deribit",
                "url": "http://deribit.greeks.live",
                "description": "A dedicated interface for trading on the Deribit exchange. This platform leverages Greeks.live's advanced analytics and tools specifically for users of Deribit's options and futures markets.",
                "provider": {
                    "@id": "https://greeks.live/#organization"
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "@type": "Offer",
            "itemOffered": {
                "@type": "Service",
                "name": "Greeks.live for OKX",
                "url": "http://okx.greeks.live",
                "description": "A dedicated interface for trading on the OKX exchange. This platform integrates Greeks.live's powerful analytics with the OKX marketplace, focusing on its options and derivatives products.",
                "provider": {
                    "@id": "https://greeks.live/#organization"
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "@type": "Offer",
            "itemOffered": {
                "@type": "Service",
                "name": "GLVS.AI Trading Platform",
                "url": "https://www.glvs.ai/",
                "description": "An AI-powered platform for automated crypto options trading. Leverage advanced algorithms and data-driven signals to develop and deploy sophisticated, hands-free trading strategies.",
                "provider": {
                    "@id": "https://greeks.live/#organization"
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "@type": "Offer",
            "itemOffered": {
                "@type": "Service",
                "name": "API Testnet & Sandbox",
                "url": "https://test.greeks.live",
                "description": "A dedicated testnet environment for developers to test their API integrations and automated trading strategies. This sandbox allows for full functionality testing without risking real funds.",
                "provider": {
                    "@id": "https://greeks.live/#organization"
                }
            }
        }
    ],
    "subOrganization": [
        {
            "@type": "Organization",
            "name": "GreeksLive HK Co., Limited",
            "email": "support@greeks.live",
            "telephone": "+852-56418949",
            "address": {
                "@type": "PostalAddress",
                "streetAddress": "Unit 11, 27/F, K. Wah Centre, 191 Java Road",
                "addressLocality": "Hong Kong",
                "addressRegion": "North Point",
                "addressCountry": "CN",
                "postalCode": "0000"
            },
            "geo": {
                "@type": "GeoCoordinates",
                "latitude": "22.2932357",
                "longitude": "114.2022026"
            },
            "image": "https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Wah-Centre-Hong-Kong.jpg"
        }
    ]
}
```

```json
{
    "@context": "https://schema.org",
    "@type": "Article",
    "mainEntityOfPage": {
        "@type": "WebPage",
        "@id": "https://options.greeks.live/question/how-does-tco-analysis-differ-for-services-compared-to-physical-assets-in-an-rfp/"
    },
    "headline": "How Does TCO Analysis Differ for Services Compared to Physical Assets in an RFP? \u25b4 Question",
    "description": "TCO for assets quantifies lifecycle costs of ownership; for services, it quantifies the total cost of achieving a performance outcome. \u25b4 Question",
    "url": "https://options.greeks.live/question/how-does-tco-analysis-differ-for-services-compared-to-physical-assets-in-an-rfp/",
    "datePublished": "2025-08-09T18:33:25+00:00",
    "dateModified": "2025-10-30T17:05:13+00:00",
    "articleSection": [
        "Question"
    ],
    "author": {
        "@id": "https://greeks.live/#organization"
    },
    "publisher": {
        "@id": "https://greeks.live/#organization"
    },
    "image": {
        "@type": "ImageObject",
        "url": "https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/deconstructed-principal-trading-system-revealing-core-mechanics-of-digital-asset-derivatives-execution.jpg",
        "caption": "This fragmented, precision-engineered system illustrates the complex market microstructure underpinning institutional digital asset derivatives. It highlights the granular components of an advanced Principal OS, facilitating high-fidelity execution through multi-dealer RFQ protocols. The exposed internal mechanisms represent the transparency and control vital for managing portfolio margin, mitigating counterparty risk, and achieving best execution across diverse liquidity pools. This visual metaphor underscores the necessity of robust quantitative analysis for optimal alpha generation and capital efficiency."
    },
    "keywords": [
        "Asset Lifecycle Management",
        "CapEx Vs OpEx",
        "Cloud Computing TCO",
        "Financial Modeling",
        "Net Present Value",
        "On-Premise Infrastructure",
        "Procurement Strategy",
        "RFP Analysis",
        "Risk Quantification",
        "Service Level Agreement",
        "TCO Analysis",
        "TCO Model",
        "Total Cost",
        "Total Cost of Ownership",
        "Vendor Management"
    ]
}
```

```json
{
    "@context": "https://schema.org",
    "@type": "WebSite",
    "url": "https://options.greeks.live/",
    "potentialAction": {
        "@type": "SearchAction",
        "target": "https://options.greeks.live/?s=search_term_string",
        "query-input": "required name=search_term_string"
    }
}
```


---

**Original URL:** https://options.greeks.live/question/how-does-tco-analysis-differ-for-services-compared-to-physical-assets-in-an-rfp/
