# How Does the Use of Systematic Internalisers Affect Best Execution Obligations under Mifid Ii? ▴ Question

**Published:** 2025-08-10
**Categories:** Question

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![A precise mechanical instrument with intersecting transparent and opaque hands, representing the intricate market microstructure of institutional digital asset derivatives. This visual metaphor highlights dynamic price discovery and bid-ask spread dynamics within RFQ protocols, emphasizing high-fidelity execution and latent liquidity through a robust Prime RFQ for atomic settlement](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/precision-engineering-driving-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-execution-across-advanced-rfq-protocols-and-prime-brokerage-frameworks.jpg)

![A sleek cream-colored device with a dark blue optical sensor embodies Price Discovery for Digital Asset Derivatives. It signifies High-Fidelity Execution via RFQ Protocols, driven by an Intelligence Layer optimizing Market Microstructure for Algorithmic Trading on a Prime RFQ](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-high-fidelity-execution-engine-optimized-rfq-protocols-prime-os-intelligence-layer.jpg)

## Concept

![A sleek, segmented cream and dark gray automated device, depicting an institutional grade Prime RFQ engine. It represents precise execution management system functionality for digital asset derivatives, optimizing price discovery and high-fidelity execution within market microstructure](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/prime-os-rfq-engine-optimal-institutional-digital-asset-execution-system.jpg)

## The SI Conundrum a New Locus of Liquidity

The Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II (MiFID II) introduced the [Systematic Internaliser](https://prime.greeks.live/area/systematic-internaliser/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) (SI) regime, fundamentally altering the [European market structure](https://prime.greeks.live/area/european-market-structure/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite). An SI is an investment firm that, on an organised, frequent, systematic, and substantial basis, deals on its own account when executing client orders outside a regulated market (RM), multilateral trading facility (MTF), or organised trading facility (OTF). In essence, SIs formalised a segment of over-the-counter (OTC) trading, bringing it within a defined regulatory perimeter. This development was a direct response to the increasing fragmentation of liquidity and the desire to enhance pre-trade transparency in markets that were becoming progressively opaque.

The operational mechanics of an SI are rooted in bilateral engagement. When an investment firm routes an order to an SI, it is trading directly with the SI’s own capital. The SI provides a quote, and the trade is executed on a principal basis. This model contrasts sharply with the multilateral, all-to-all environment of a public exchange, where anonymous participants interact through a [central limit order book](https://prime.greeks.live/area/central-limit-order-book/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) (CLOB).

The SI framework was designed to capture significant OTC activity, particularly from large banks and electronic liquidity providers, subjecting them to specific transparency and reporting obligations. The intention was to ensure that such internalisation of order flow does not undermine the efficiency of price formation on public venues.

> Systematic Internalisers represent a regulated, bilateral trading environment where investment firms execute client orders against the SI’s proprietary capital, bringing a significant portion of OTC flow into a formalised transparency framework.

![A multi-faceted crystalline structure, featuring sharp angles and translucent blue and clear elements, rests on a metallic base. This embodies Institutional Digital Asset Derivatives and precise RFQ protocols, enabling High-Fidelity Execution](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/high-fidelity-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-market-microstructure.jpg)

## Best Execution a Mandate of Process and Outcome

The principle of best execution, as enshrined in MiFID II, is an uncompromising obligation for [investment firms](https://prime.greeks.live/question/how-can-investment-firms-leverage-technology-to-mitigate-the-costs-of-si-compliance/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) to take all sufficient steps to obtain the best possible result for their clients. This mandate is comprehensive, considering not just price, but also costs, speed, likelihood of execution and settlement, size, nature, or any other consideration relevant to the execution of the order. The directive requires firms to establish and implement an [order execution policy](https://prime.greeks.live/area/order-execution-policy/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) that details the different venues and factors considered for each class of financial instrument. This policy is a dynamic document, subject to regular review and demonstration to clients and regulators that the firm is systematically working to achieve the optimal outcome.

The introduction of SIs adds a layer of complexity and opportunity to this obligation. A firm’s [execution policy](https://prime.greeks.live/question/how-should-an-order-execution-policy-balance-the-need-for-information-control-against-the-duty-of-best-execution/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) must now explicitly consider SIs as a potential execution venue alongside traditional exchanges and MTFs. The decision to route an order to an SI must be justifiable within the [best execution framework](https://prime.greeks.live/area/best-execution-framework/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite).

This means firms must be able to demonstrate, with supporting data, that the choice of an SI was conducive to achieving the best possible result for a specific client order. The burden of proof lies with the investment firm, necessitating a robust process for venue selection, performance monitoring, and post-trade analysis.

![Abstract spheres and a translucent flow visualize institutional digital asset derivatives market microstructure. It depicts robust RFQ protocol execution, high-fidelity data flow, and seamless liquidity aggregation](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/precision-market-microstructure-for-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-leveraging-rfq-protocols-and-atomic-settlement-across-prime-os.jpg)

![Abstract visualization of institutional RFQ protocol for digital asset derivatives. Translucent layers symbolize dark liquidity pools within complex market microstructure](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-execution-engine-6.jpg)

## Strategy

![A precise digital asset derivatives trading mechanism, featuring transparent data conduits symbolizing RFQ protocol execution and multi-leg spread strategies. Intricate gears visualize market microstructure, ensuring high-fidelity execution and robust price discovery](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/high-fidelity-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-framework.jpg)

## Navigating the Fragmented Liquidity Landscape

The emergence of [Systematic Internalisers](https://prime.greeks.live/question/how-did-systematic-internalisers-alter-the-landscape-of-algorithmic-execution/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) as a prominent execution venue under MiFID II necessitates a sophisticated and data-driven strategy for sourcing liquidity. Investment firms can no longer rely solely on public exchanges for order execution. A comprehensive strategy involves integrating SIs into the firm’s [Smart Order Router](https://prime.greeks.live/area/smart-order-router/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) (SOR) logic, allowing for dynamic and intelligent routing decisions based on real-time market conditions and the specific characteristics of each order. The strategic imperative is to view the market as a mosaic of interconnected liquidity pools, each with distinct advantages and disadvantages.

The primary strategic consideration when routing to an SI is the potential for [price improvement](https://prime.greeks.live/area/price-improvement/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite). Because SIs are not bound by the same tick size regime as lit venues in all circumstances, they can offer execution at prices incrementally better than the European Best Bid and Offer (EBBO). For large, institutional orders, even a fractional price improvement can translate into significant cost savings.

However, this potential benefit must be weighed against the bilateral nature of the transaction. Unlike the anonymity of a [central limit order](https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-primary-differences-between-a-quote-driven-rfq-market-and-an-order-driven-central-limit-order-book/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) book, trading with an SI involves a direct interaction, which carries its own set of strategic considerations regarding information leakage and [market impact](https://prime.greeks.live/question/how-do-dark-pool-executions-complicate-the-calibration-of-market-impact-models-based-on-lit-market-data/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite).

> An effective execution strategy in the MiFID II era requires the integration of Systematic Internalisers into a dynamic, multi-venue routing framework, balancing the pursuit of price improvement with a rigorous assessment of market impact.

![Abstract sculpture with intersecting angular planes and a central sphere on a textured dark base. This embodies sophisticated market microstructure and multi-venue liquidity aggregation for institutional digital asset derivatives](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/prime-os-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-2.jpg)

## Comparative Analysis of Execution Venues

To fulfill best execution obligations, firms must conduct a rigorous and ongoing comparison of the [execution quality](https://prime.greeks.live/question/how-can-pre-trade-analytics-differentiate-between-high-quality-and-low-quality-quotes-in-an-rfq-auction/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) offered by different venues. This analysis forms the bedrock of a defensible execution policy. The table below outlines a comparative framework for evaluating SIs against other common [execution venues](https://prime.greeks.live/question/how-does-a-best-execution-committee-quantify-and-compare-execution-quality-across-different-market-venues/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite).

| Execution Venue | Liquidity Type | Price Formation | Key Advantage | Key Consideration |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

![Luminous teal indicator on a water-speckled digital asset interface. This signifies high-fidelity execution and algorithmic trading navigating market microstructure](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-best-execution-prime-os.jpg)

## The Data Imperative RTS 27 and RTS 28

[MiFID II](https://prime.greeks.live/area/mifid-ii/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) introduced Regulatory Technical Standards (RTS) 27 and 28 to provide the data necessary for firms to monitor execution quality and substantiate their [best execution](https://prime.greeks.live/area/best-execution/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) policies. These reports are foundational to any strategy involving SIs.

- **[RTS 27](https://prime.greeks.live/area/rts-27/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) Reports** ▴ These are public, quarterly reports published by execution venues, including SIs. They provide detailed data on execution quality, covering aspects like price, costs, and likelihood of execution for different financial instruments. Strategically, firms must develop the capability to ingest, process, and analyze RTS 27 data from all relevant SIs to benchmark their performance against other venues.

- **[RTS 28](https://prime.greeks.live/area/rts-28/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) Reports** ▴ These are annual reports published by investment firms, disclosing their top five execution venues for each class of financial instruments. These reports must also include a summary of the analysis and conclusions drawn from monitoring execution quality. For a firm utilizing SIs, the RTS 28 report is a public declaration of its execution strategy and a key document for regulatory scrutiny. The preparation of this report requires a systematic and evidence-based approach to venue selection.

A forward-looking strategy treats these reporting obligations as an opportunity. The data from RTS 27 can feed a dynamic feedback loop, continuously refining the logic of the firm’s SOR. By analyzing which SIs consistently provide superior execution for specific types of orders, a firm can enhance its routing decisions, thereby improving client outcomes and strengthening its compliance posture. The strategic goal is to transform a regulatory requirement into a competitive advantage through superior data analysis.

![A teal-blue disk, symbolizing a liquidity pool for digital asset derivatives, is intersected by a bar. This represents an RFQ protocol or block trade, detailing high-fidelity execution pathways](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/prime-os-rfq-protocols-high-fidelity-digital-asset-execution.jpg)

![A gleaming, translucent sphere with intricate internal mechanisms, flanked by precision metallic probes, symbolizes a sophisticated Principal's RFQ engine. This represents the atomic settlement of multi-leg spread strategies, enabling high-fidelity execution and robust price discovery within institutional digital asset derivatives markets, minimizing latency and slippage for optimal alpha generation and capital efficiency](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/inst-digital-asset-deriv-rfq-os-for-optimal-high-fidelity-trade-exec.jpg)

## Execution

![A vertically stacked assembly of diverse metallic and polymer components, resembling a modular lens system, visually represents the layered architecture of institutional digital asset derivatives. Each distinct ring signifies a critical market microstructure element, from RFQ protocol layers to aggregated liquidity pools, ensuring high-fidelity execution and capital efficiency within a Prime RFQ framework](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocols-execution-stack.jpg)

## A Framework for SI Integration and Monitoring

The practical execution of a trading strategy that incorporates Systematic Internalisers requires a disciplined, multi-stage process. This process moves from pre-trade analysis and venue selection to real-time order routing and post-trade evaluation. The objective is to create a robust and auditable framework that ensures every decision is consistent with the firm’s best execution policy.

The proliferation of SIs has been a defining feature of the post-MiFID II landscape, with some market experts anticipating that SI volumes in Europe could approach the levels of internalization seen in the US market. This makes a clear [execution framework](https://prime.greeks.live/question/how-does-the-si-framework-alter-the-measurement-of-execution-quality-for-block-trades/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) a necessity.

The execution workflow begins with the classification of client orders. Factors such as order size, liquidity profile of the instrument, and the client’s specific instructions will determine the universe of suitable execution venues. For orders below a certain size, routing to a lit market might be the default.

For larger orders, or those in less liquid instruments, the potential for price improvement and reduced market impact at an SI becomes a compelling consideration. The firm’s SOR must be calibrated with this logic, capable of making instantaneous routing decisions based on a pre-defined rule set that is itself informed by historical performance data.

![A sleek metallic teal execution engine, representing a Crypto Derivatives OS, interfaces with a luminous pre-trade analytics display. This abstract view depicts institutional RFQ protocols enabling high-fidelity execution for multi-leg spreads, optimizing market microstructure and atomic settlement](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/advanced-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-engine-for-high-fidelity-execution-and-market-microstructure-analysis.jpg)

## Procedural Steps for Best Execution with SIs

Implementing a compliant and effective execution process involving SIs can be broken down into a series of distinct operational steps. This procedure ensures that the use of SIs is deliberate, monitored, and justifiable.

- **Onboarding and Due Diligence** ▴ 

<li>Conduct thorough due diligence on potential SI counterparties. This includes assessing their financial stability, technological capabilities, and the breadth of instruments they cover.

- Establish legal agreements and connectivity. This involves setting up FIX protocol connections and ensuring that data flows for order execution and reporting are secure and reliable.

</li>
- **Calibration of Smart Order Router (SOR)** ▴ 

<li>Integrate SIs into the SOR’s venue list. The SOR should be configured to request quotes from multiple SIs simultaneously for relevant orders.

- Define the routing logic. This logic should be based on the execution factors outlined in MiFID II, prioritizing those most relevant to the specific order type. For example, for a small, liquid order, price and speed might be paramount. For a large block order, likelihood of execution and minimizing market impact take precedence.

</li>
- **Pre-Trade Analysis** ▴ 

<li>For each order, the system should perform a pre-trade analysis to determine the optimal execution strategy. This involves assessing the available liquidity on lit markets versus the potential for execution at an SI.

- The analysis should consider the potential for information leakage. Routing a large order to a single SI might signal the firm’s intentions to that counterparty. The strategy might involve breaking up the order and routing it to multiple venues.

</li>
- **Execution and Monitoring** ▴ 

<li>Once an order is routed to an SI, the firm must monitor the execution quality in real-time. This includes comparing the execution price against the prevailing EBBO to quantify any price improvement.

- The system should capture all relevant data points for each execution, including timestamps, execution price, venue, and any associated fees.

</li>
- **Post-Trade [Transaction Cost Analysis](https://prime.greeks.live/area/transaction-cost-analysis/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) (TCA)** ▴ 

<li>Conduct regular TCA on all executions to evaluate the performance of SIs against other venues. This analysis should be granular, comparing performance across different instruments, order sizes, and market conditions.

- The TCA results must be used to refine the SOR logic and the firm’s overall execution policy. If an SI consistently underperforms, it should be down-weighted or removed from the routing table.

</li>

![A sleek, metallic multi-lens device with glowing blue apertures symbolizes an advanced RFQ protocol engine. Its precision optics enable real-time market microstructure analysis and high-fidelity execution, facilitating automated price discovery and aggregated inquiry within a Prime RFQ](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-engine-intelligence-layer.jpg)

## Quantitative Analysis of Execution Quality

The cornerstone of demonstrating best execution is quantitative analysis. Firms must be able to produce detailed reports that compare execution outcomes across different venues. The following table provides a hypothetical example of a [Transaction Cost](https://prime.greeks.live/area/transaction-cost/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) Analysis (TCA) report for a large order to purchase 100,000 shares of a fictional company, “EuroStoxx Corp.” This analysis compares the execution quality of an SI against a lit market (RM).

| Metric | Execution on Systematic Internaliser (SI) | Execution on Regulated Market (RM) | Analysis |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |

> A rigorous, data-driven Transaction Cost Analysis is the definitive mechanism for validating the inclusion of Systematic Internalisers within a best execution framework, translating regulatory obligations into quantifiable performance metrics.

This quantitative evidence is crucial for satisfying the best execution mandate. While the [explicit costs](https://prime.greeks.live/question/how-do-implicit-costs-differ-from-explicit-transaction-costs/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) at the RM were lower, the significant reduction in implicit costs (slippage) at the SI resulted in a superior overall outcome for the client. This type of analysis, performed consistently across all trades, provides the evidentiary basis for the firm’s execution policy and its RTS 28 reporting. It demonstrates a systematic approach to achieving the best possible result, moving the concept of best execution from a qualitative principle to a quantifiable and auditable process.

![Translucent teal glass pyramid and flat pane, geometrically aligned on a dark base, symbolize market microstructure and price discovery within RFQ protocols for institutional digital asset derivatives. This visualizes multi-leg spread construction, high-fidelity execution via a Principal's operational framework, ensuring atomic settlement for latent liquidity](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/transparent-geometric-structures-visualizing-multi-leg-spread-rfq-protocols-for-high-fidelity-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-execution.jpg)

## References

- Rosenblatt, J. (2017). The Impact of MiFID II/MiFIR on European Market Structure ▴ A Survey among Market Experts. Deutsche Börse Group.

- ICMA. (2017). MiFID II/R implementation in secondary markets. International Capital Market Association.

- AFME. (2017). Best Execution Under MiFID II. Association for Financial Markets in Europe.

- Eurofi. (2019). MiFID II State of Play and Remaining Challenges. The European Financial Forum.

- FESE. (2020). Review of the MiFID II/MiFIR regulatory framework. Federation of European Securities Exchanges.

![Precision metallic pointers converge on a central blue mechanism. This symbolizes Market Microstructure of Institutional Grade Digital Asset Derivatives, depicting High-Fidelity Execution and Price Discovery via RFQ protocols, ensuring Capital Efficiency and Atomic Settlement for Multi-Leg Spreads](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocols-for-precision-execution.jpg)

## Reflection

![A precise optical sensor within an institutional-grade execution management system, representing a Prime RFQ intelligence layer. This enables high-fidelity execution and price discovery for digital asset derivatives via RFQ protocols, ensuring atomic settlement within market microstructure](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/prime-os-high-fidelity-institutional-digital-asset-rfq-execution-system-lens.jpg)

## Beyond Compliance a New Execution Philosophy

The integration of Systematic Internalisers into the European market fabric is a catalyst for a more profound evolution in execution philosophy. Adherence to the best execution obligations under MiFID II is the baseline. The true strategic opportunity lies in harnessing the fragmented liquidity landscape to build a more resilient and intelligent execution capability.

This requires a shift in perspective, viewing the market not as a single, monolithic entity, but as a dynamic system of interconnected venues, each with a specific role and utility. The challenge is to develop the institutional intelligence to navigate this system effectively.

This intelligence is built on a foundation of data, technology, and a relentless focus on quantitative analysis. The reports and procedures mandated by MiFID II provide the raw materials. The real work is in transforming this data into actionable insights that refine routing logic, inform counterparty selection, and ultimately, deliver superior outcomes for clients.

The process is iterative and continuous, a constant cycle of execution, analysis, and adaptation. It demands a commitment to technological investment and the cultivation of analytical expertise.

Ultimately, mastering the use of Systematic Internalisers within a best execution framework is about control. It is about having the clarity to understand the trade-offs between different liquidity sources, the capability to direct order flow with precision, and the evidence to demonstrate that every decision was made in the client’s best interest. The regulations have provided the map; the firm must build the navigation system. The journey leads to a more sophisticated, data-driven, and ultimately more effective approach to engaging with modern financial markets.

![A central, precision-engineered component with teal accents rises from a reflective surface. This embodies a high-fidelity RFQ engine, driving optimal price discovery for institutional digital asset derivatives](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-rfq-execution-engine-for-price-discovery.jpg)

## Glossary

<a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/european-market-structure/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![An institutional grade system component, featuring a reflective intelligence layer lens, symbolizes high-fidelity execution and market microstructure insight. This enables price discovery for digital asset derivatives](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-precision-rfq-execution-system-interface.jpg)

## European Market Structure

Meaning ▴ The European Market Structure defines the comprehensive framework governing the trading, clearing, and settlement of financial instruments across the European Union and European Economic Area, characterized by a fragmented ecosystem of regulated exchanges, multilateral trading facilities (MTFs), organised trading facilities (OTFs), and systematic internalisers, all operating under the prescriptive directives of MiFID II and MiFIR. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/systematic-internaliser/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![Three metallic, circular mechanisms represent a calibrated system for institutional-grade digital asset derivatives trading. The central dial signifies price discovery and algorithmic precision within RFQ protocols](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocols-and-execution-precision.jpg)

## Systematic Internaliser

Meaning ▴ A Systematic Internaliser (SI) is a financial institution executing client orders against its own capital on an organized, frequent, systematic basis off-exchange. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/central-limit-order-book/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A precision optical system with a teal-hued lens and integrated control module symbolizes institutional-grade digital asset derivatives infrastructure. It facilitates RFQ protocols for high-fidelity execution, price discovery within market microstructure, algorithmic liquidity provision, and portfolio margin optimization via Prime RFQ](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/principal-grade-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-optics-for-high-fidelity-execution-and-optimized-liquidity.jpg)

## Central Limit Order Book

Meaning ▴ A Central Limit Order Book is a digital repository that aggregates all outstanding buy and sell orders for a specific financial instrument, organized by price level and time of entry. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/order-execution-policy/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A polished, dark teal institutional-grade mechanism reveals an internal beige interface, precisely deploying a metallic, arrow-etched component. This signifies high-fidelity execution within an RFQ protocol, enabling atomic settlement and optimized price discovery for institutional digital asset derivatives and multi-leg spreads, ensuring minimal slippage and robust capital efficiency](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/quantitative-finance-driven-rfq-workflow-for-best-execution-in-digital-assets.jpg)

## Order Execution Policy

Meaning ▴ An Order Execution Policy defines the systematic procedures and criteria governing how an institutional trading desk processes and routes client or proprietary orders across various liquidity venues. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/how-can-investment-firms-leverage-technology-to-mitigate-the-costs-of-si-compliance/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A sleek, metallic algorithmic trading component with a central circular mechanism rests on angular, multi-colored reflective surfaces, symbolizing sophisticated RFQ protocols, aggregated liquidity, and high-fidelity execution within institutional digital asset derivatives market microstructure. This represents the intelligence layer of a Prime RFQ for optimal price discovery](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocols-system-architecture-for-optimal-price-discovery-and-high-fidelity-execution.jpg)

## Investment Firms

Leveraging technology to automate data management and reporting is the most effective way for investment firms to mitigate the costs of SI compliance. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/best-execution-framework/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A modular, dark-toned system with light structural components and a bright turquoise indicator, representing a sophisticated Crypto Derivatives OS for institutional-grade RFQ protocols. It signifies private quotation channels for block trades, enabling high-fidelity execution and price discovery through aggregated inquiry, minimizing slippage and information leakage within dark liquidity pools](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-system-for-optimal-execution-1.jpg)

## Best Execution Framework

Meaning ▴ The Best Execution Framework defines a structured methodology for achieving the most advantageous outcome for client orders, considering price, cost, speed, likelihood of execution and settlement, order size, and any other relevant considerations. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/how-should-an-order-execution-policy-balance-the-need-for-information-control-against-the-duty-of-best-execution/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A sophisticated digital asset derivatives trading mechanism features a central processing hub with luminous blue accents, symbolizing an intelligence layer driving high fidelity execution. Transparent circular elements represent dynamic liquidity pools and a complex volatility surface, revealing market microstructure and atomic settlement via an advanced RFQ protocol](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocols-high-fidelity-execution-framework-optimizing-market-microstructure-price-discovery-intelligence-layer.jpg)

## Execution Policy

An Order Execution Policy architects the trade-off between information control and best execution to protect value while seeking liquidity. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/how-did-systematic-internalisers-alter-the-landscape-of-algorithmic-execution/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A central processing core with intersecting, transparent structures revealing intricate internal components and blue data flows. This symbolizes an institutional digital asset derivatives platform's Prime RFQ, orchestrating high-fidelity execution, managing aggregated RFQ inquiries, and ensuring atomic settlement within dynamic market microstructure, optimizing capital efficiency](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-trading-system-facilitating-high-fidelity-rfq-protocol-optimization-for-best-execution-and-atomic-settlement.jpg)

## Systematic Internalisers

Systematic Internalisers reshaped algorithmic execution by creating private liquidity venues that require sophisticated routing to optimize best execution. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/smart-order-router/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A central toroidal structure and intricate core are bisected by two blades: one algorithmic with circuits, the other solid. This symbolizes an institutional digital asset derivatives platform, leveraging RFQ protocols for high-fidelity execution and price discovery](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-hub-integrating-algorithmic-intelligence-for-high-fidelity-price-discovery-and-liquidity-aggregation.jpg)

## Smart Order Router

Meaning ▴ A Smart Order Router (SOR) is an algorithmic trading mechanism designed to optimize order execution by intelligently routing trade instructions across multiple liquidity venues. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/price-improvement/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A central blue sphere, representing a Liquidity Pool, balances on a white dome, the Prime RFQ. Perpendicular beige and teal arms, embodying RFQ protocols and Multi-Leg Spread strategies, extend to four peripheral blue elements](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/high-fidelity-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-execution-framework.jpg)

## Price Improvement

Meaning ▴ Price improvement denotes the execution of a trade at a more advantageous price than the prevailing National Best Bid and Offer (NBBO) at the moment of order submission. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-primary-differences-between-a-quote-driven-rfq-market-and-an-order-driven-central-limit-order-book/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A beige, triangular device with a dark, reflective display and dual front apertures. This specialized hardware facilitates institutional RFQ protocols for digital asset derivatives, enabling high-fidelity execution, market microstructure analysis, optimal price discovery, capital efficiency, block trades, and portfolio margin](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-terminal-for-high-fidelity-execution-and-precise-market-microstructure-analysis.jpg)

## Central Limit Order

A CLOB is a transparent, all-to-all auction; an RFQ is a discreet, targeted negotiation for managing block liquidity and risk. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/how-do-dark-pool-executions-complicate-the-calibration-of-market-impact-models-based-on-lit-market-data/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A multifaceted, luminous abstract structure against a dark void, symbolizing institutional digital asset derivatives market microstructure. Its sharp, reflective surfaces embody high-fidelity execution, RFQ protocol efficiency, and precise price discovery](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-trading-protocol-architecture-optimizing-high-fidelity-rfq-execution-and-latent-liquidity-discovery.jpg)

## Market Impact

Dark pool executions complicate impact model calibration by introducing a censored data problem, skewing lit market data and obscuring true liquidity. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/how-can-pre-trade-analytics-differentiate-between-high-quality-and-low-quality-quotes-in-an-rfq-auction/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![Abstract system interface on a global data sphere, illustrating a sophisticated RFQ protocol for institutional digital asset derivatives. The glowing circuits represent market microstructure and high-fidelity execution within a Prime RFQ intelligence layer, facilitating price discovery and capital efficiency across liquidity pools](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-execution-prime-os.jpg)

## Execution Quality

Pre-trade analytics differentiate quotes by systematically scoring counterparty reliability and predicting execution quality beyond price. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/how-does-a-best-execution-committee-quantify-and-compare-execution-quality-across-different-market-venues/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A precision-engineered component, like an RFQ protocol engine, displays a reflective blade and numerical data. It symbolizes high-fidelity execution within market microstructure, driving price discovery, capital efficiency, and algorithmic trading for institutional Digital Asset Derivatives on a Prime RFQ](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/high-fidelity-execution-engine-core-for-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-price-discovery.jpg)

## Execution Venues

A Best Execution Committee systematically quantifies and compares venue quality using a data-driven framework of TCA metrics and qualitative overlays. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/best-execution/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![Intricate metallic mechanisms portray a proprietary matching engine or execution management system. Its robust structure enables algorithmic trading and high-fidelity execution for institutional digital asset derivatives](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-engine-market-microstructure.jpg)

## Best Execution

Meaning ▴ Best Execution is the obligation to obtain the most favorable terms reasonably available for a client's order. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/mifid-ii/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A futuristic, intricate central mechanism with luminous blue accents represents a Prime RFQ for Digital Asset Derivatives Price Discovery. Four sleek, curved panels extending outwards signify diverse Liquidity Pools and RFQ channels for Block Trade High-Fidelity Execution, minimizing Slippage and Latency in Market Microstructure operations](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-platform-2.jpg)

## Mifid Ii

Meaning ▴ MiFID II, the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II, constitutes a comprehensive regulatory framework enacted by the European Union to govern financial markets, investment firms, and trading venues. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/rts-27/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A translucent sphere with intricate metallic rings, an 'intelligence layer' core, is bisected by a sleek, reflective blade. This visual embodies an 'institutional grade' 'Prime RFQ' enabling 'high-fidelity execution' of 'digital asset derivatives' via 'private quotation' and 'RFQ protocols', optimizing 'capital efficiency' and 'market microstructure' for 'block trade' operations](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/precision-rfq-engine-for-digital-asset-derivatives-best-execution.jpg)

## Rts 27

Meaning ▴ RTS 27 mandates that investment firms and market operators publish detailed data on the quality of execution of transactions on their venues. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/rts-28/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A dynamic composition depicts an institutional-grade RFQ pipeline connecting a vast liquidity pool to a split circular element representing price discovery and implied volatility. This visual metaphor highlights the precision of an execution management system for digital asset derivatives via private quotation](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-pipeline-for-precise-price-discovery-and-volatility-surface-analysis.jpg)

## Rts 28

Meaning ▴ RTS 28 refers to Regulatory Technical Standard 28 under MiFID II, which mandates investment firms and market operators to publish annual reports on the quality of execution of transactions on trading venues and for financial instruments. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/how-does-the-si-framework-alter-the-measurement-of-execution-quality-for-block-trades/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A sharp, teal blade precisely dissects a cylindrical conduit. This visualizes surgical high-fidelity execution of block trades for institutional digital asset derivatives](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-precision-execution-microstructure.jpg)

## Execution Framework

The SI framework transforms execution quality measurement from a lit-market comparison to a multi-factor analysis of impact mitigation. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/transaction-cost-analysis/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![Metallic platter signifies core market infrastructure. A precise blue instrument, representing RFQ protocol for institutional digital asset derivatives, targets a green block, signifying a large block trade](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/precision-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-execution-engine-market-microstructure-optimization-for-alpha-generation.jpg)

## Transaction Cost Analysis

Meaning ▴ Transaction Cost Analysis (TCA) is the quantitative methodology for assessing the explicit and implicit costs incurred during the execution of financial trades. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/transaction-cost/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![Abstract depiction of an advanced institutional trading system, featuring a prominent sensor for real-time price discovery and an intelligence layer. Visible circuitry signifies algorithmic trading capabilities, low-latency execution, and robust FIX protocol integration for digital asset derivatives](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-prime-os-high-fidelity-rfq-protocols.jpg)

## Transaction Cost

Meaning ▴ Transaction Cost represents the total quantifiable economic friction incurred during the execution of a trade, encompassing both explicit costs such as commissions, exchange fees, and clearing charges, alongside implicit costs like market impact, slippage, and opportunity cost. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/how-do-implicit-costs-differ-from-explicit-transaction-costs/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
![A sophisticated RFQ engine module, its spherical lens observing market microstructure and reflecting implied volatility. This Prime RFQ component ensures high-fidelity execution for institutional digital asset derivatives, enabling private quotation for block trades](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-engine-for-best-execution-protocol.jpg)

## Explicit Costs

Implicit costs are the market-driven price concessions of a trade; explicit costs are the direct fees for its execution. </a>

**Tags:** [Market Microstructure](https://options.greeks.live/area/market-microstructure/), [Cost Analysis](https://options.greeks.live/area/cost-analysis/), [Smart Order Router](https://options.greeks.live/area/smart-order-router/), [Transaction Cost](https://options.greeks.live/area/transaction-cost/), [European Market Structure](https://options.greeks.live/area/european-market-structure/), [Central Limit Order Book](https://options.greeks.live/area/central-limit-order-book/)	

## Discover More

- 
### [How Does Payment for Order Flow Impact Best Execution Analysis in the U.S. versus Europe?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-does-payment-for-order-flow-impact-best-execution-analysis-in-the-u-s-versus-europe/)
![A sleek device, symbolizing a Prime RFQ for Institutional Grade Digital Asset Derivatives, balances on a luminous sphere representing the global Liquidity Pool. A clear globe, embodying the Intelligence Layer of Market Microstructure and Price Discovery for RFQ protocols, rests atop, illustrating High-Fidelity Execution for Bitcoin Options.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-execution-intelligence-layer-prime-os.jpg)

PFOF centralizes U.S. best execution analysis on price improvement metrics, while its prohibition in Europe mandates a process-driven, multi-venue competitive analysis.

- 
### [How Do Regulatory Frameworks like MiFID II Influence the Optimal Number of RFQ Participants?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-do-regulatory-frameworks-like-mifid-ii-influence-the-optimal-number-of-rfq-participants/)
![A prominent domed optic with a teal-blue ring and gold bezel. This visual metaphor represents an institutional digital asset derivatives RFQ interface, providing high-fidelity execution for price discovery within market microstructure. It's a critical Prime RFQ component enabling capital efficiency and atomic settlement.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/precision-optic-interface-for-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-protocol-execution-and-high-fidelity-price-discovery.jpg)

MiFID II compels a data-driven optimization of RFQ participants, balancing price discovery against information leakage to create a defensible execution audit trail.

- 
### [How Does the Rise of Systematic Internalisers and Periodic Auctions Affect Best Execution Obligations?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-does-the-rise-of-systematic-internalisers-and-periodic-auctions-affect-best-execution-obligations/)
![A transparent blue sphere, symbolizing precise Price Discovery and Implied Volatility, is central to a layered Principal's Operational Framework. This structure facilitates High-Fidelity Execution and RFQ Protocol processing across diverse Aggregated Liquidity Pools, revealing the intricate Market Microstructure of Institutional Digital Asset Derivatives.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-system-microstructure-principal-framework.jpg)

The rise of SIs and periodic auctions fragments liquidity, demanding a dynamic, evidence-based best execution framework.

- 
### [How Does the Rise of Systematic Internalizers Affect Best Execution Data and Venue Selection?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-does-the-rise-of-systematic-internalizers-affect-best-execution-data-and-venue-selection/)
![A central toroidal structure and intricate core are bisected by two blades: one algorithmic with circuits, the other solid. This symbolizes an institutional digital asset derivatives platform, leveraging RFQ protocols for high-fidelity execution and price discovery. It optimizes market microstructure for capital efficiency, managing multi-leg spreads and latent liquidity within a Principal's operational framework.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-hub-integrating-algorithmic-intelligence-for-high-fidelity-price-discovery-and-liquidity-aggregation.jpg)

The rise of Systematic Internalisers fragments liquidity and data, demanding a dynamic, quantitative approach to venue selection and best execution.

- 
### [How Does the Rise of Systematic Internalisers Change the Strategic Considerations for Best Execution in Europe?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-does-the-rise-of-systematic-internalisers-change-the-strategic-considerations-for-best-execution-in-europe/)
![A central Prime RFQ core powers institutional digital asset derivatives. Translucent conduits signify high-fidelity execution and smart order routing for RFQ block trades. Peripheral modules symbolize aggregated liquidity pools, enabling precise price discovery, mitigating counterparty risk, and optimizing portfolio margin.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-liquidity-aggregation-engine.jpg)

The rise of Systematic Internalisers reframes European best execution from a public market quest to a sophisticated process of sourcing private, principal liquidity with demonstrable price improvement.

- 
### [How Do the Principles of Best Execution Differ between US Rule 606 and MiFID II’s Framework?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-do-the-principles-of-best-execution-differ-between-us-rule-606-and-mifid-iis-framework/)
![A sleek, illuminated control knob emerges from a robust, metallic base, representing a Prime RFQ interface for institutional digital asset derivatives. Its glowing bands signify real-time analytics and high-fidelity execution of RFQ protocols, enabling optimal price discovery and capital efficiency in dark pools for block trades.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-system-for-optimal-execution.jpg)

US Rule 606 mandates disclosure of order routing conflicts, while MiFID II requires firms to build and prove a superior execution process.

- 
### [How Do Regulatory Frameworks like MiFID II Influence the Choice between RFQ and CLOB Execution Venues?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-do-regulatory-frameworks-like-mifid-ii-influence-the-choice-between-rfq-and-clob-execution-venues/)
![A glowing green ring encircles a dark, reflective sphere, symbolizing a principal's intelligence layer for high-fidelity RFQ execution. It reflects intricate market microstructure, signifying precise algorithmic trading for institutional digital asset derivatives, optimizing price discovery and managing latent liquidity.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/core-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-system-hub.jpg)

MiFID II mandates a data-driven process, making the RFQ vs. CLOB choice a function of verifiable execution quality, not mere preference.

- 
### [How Do Regulatory Changes like MiFID II Impact Smart Order Routing Logic and Performance Measurement?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-do-regulatory-changes-like-mifid-ii-impact-smart-order-routing-logic-and-performance-measurement/)
![A dynamic visual representation of an institutional trading system, featuring a central liquidity aggregation engine emitting a controlled order flow through dedicated market infrastructure. This illustrates high-fidelity execution of digital asset derivatives, optimizing price discovery within a private quotation environment for block trades, ensuring capital efficiency.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/principal-os-driving-high-fidelity-execution-for-digital-asset-derivatives-through-optimized-rfq-protocols-and-smart-order-routing.jpg)

MiFID II forces SORs to evolve from simple price-finders to multi-factor optimizers, creating an auditable data trail.

- 
### [How Does the Role of a Systematic Internaliser Affect a Firm’s Best Execution Strategy?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-does-the-role-of-a-systematic-internaliser-affect-a-firms-best-execution-strategy/)
![An abstract, precisely engineered construct of interlocking grey and cream panels, featuring a teal display and control. This represents an institutional-grade Crypto Derivatives OS for RFQ protocols, enabling high-fidelity execution, liquidity aggregation, and market microstructure optimization within a Principal's operational framework for digital asset derivatives.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/integrated-principal-trading-system-modules-for-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-and-optimized-market-microstructure.jpg)

A Systematic Internaliser reshapes best execution by offering a principal-based liquidity source that can reduce market impact and costs.

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---

**Original URL:** https://options.greeks.live/question/how-does-the-use-of-systematic-internalisers-affect-best-execution-obligations-under-mifid-ii/
