# What Are the Primary Legal Tests for a Force Majeure Claim to Succeed? ▴ Question

**Published:** 2025-08-14
**Categories:** Question

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## Concept

A [force majeure clause](https://prime.greeks.live/area/force-majeure-clause/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) represents a critical structural component within a contract’s architecture, serving as a pre-negotiated [risk allocation](https://prime.greeks.live/area/risk-allocation/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) mechanism. Its function is to provide a controlled, predictable pathway for parties to address supervening events that disrupt performance. The inclusion of such a clause acknowledges the reality that certain external pressures can render contractual obligations physically or commercially impracticable. It is a system designed to manage the fallout from unforeseen and uncontrollable occurrences, shifting the legal analysis from a question of breach to one of excused non-performance.

This mechanism operates to discharge a party from its duties when a specified event, beyond the reasonable control of either party, makes performance impossible or, depending on the specific language, commercially unfeasible. The fundamental purpose is to introduce a degree of resilience into the contractual relationship, offering a structured alternative to the potentially harsh and relationship-ending consequences of the common law doctrine of frustration.

> The core of a force majeure analysis rests on interpreting the specific language of the contract clause in light of the disruptive event.

In common law jurisdictions like the United States and the United Kingdom, [force majeure](https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-essential-elements-to-include-when-drafting-a-robust-force-majeure-clause/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) is a creature of contract. Its power and scope are derived entirely from the express terms negotiated by the parties; there is no implied right to claim force majeure. This principle underscores the importance of precise drafting, as courts will narrowly construe these clauses. The interpretation process is not an abstract legal exercise but a granular examination of the text.

The central inquiry revolves around whether the specific event that occurred falls squarely within the categories of events enumerated in the clause. The success of a claim hinges on this textual analysis, making the initial drafting phase a point of significant strategic importance for all parties involved in the agreement.

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## Strategy

Successfully invoking a force [majeure clause](https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-essential-elements-to-include-when-drafting-a-robust-force-majeure-clause/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) requires a multi-faceted strategic approach that aligns the factual circumstances of the disruptive event with the precise language of the contract. The process is not merely about identifying a qualifying event; it involves constructing a compelling narrative supported by evidence that satisfies a series of rigorous legal tests. The [claiming party](https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-specific-risks-of-incorrectly-claiming-an-inactive-entity-exemption-for-a-legacy-company/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) bears the burden of proof and must demonstrate that its situation fits within the narrow confines of the clause as interpreted by courts. 

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## The Foundational Tests for a Valid Claim

A party seeking to rely on a force majeure provision must navigate several critical hurdles. These tests form the strategic backbone of any successful claim, and a failure to meet any one of them can be fatal to the argument.

- **Event Qualification** ▴ The initial and most fundamental test is whether the event in question is covered by the force majeure clause. This involves a close reading of the contract. Clauses often contain a list of specific events (e.g. war, flood, pandemic) and may also include broader catch-all language like “acts of God” or “events beyond reasonable control.” Courts interpret these lists and phrases narrowly, so the more specific the language, the stronger the potential claim. 

- **[Foreseeability](https://prime.greeks.live/area/foreseeability/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite)** ▴ The event must generally be unforeseeable at the time the contract was executed. If a particular risk was predictable, the expectation is that the parties would have allocated that risk explicitly within the contract. A party cannot typically use a force majeure clause to escape a bad bargain or a risk they should have anticipated. 

- **Causation** ▴ A direct causal link must be established between the [force majeure event](https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-distinguishes-a-force-majeure-event-from-an-event-of-default/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) and the inability to perform the contractual obligation. It is insufficient for an event to have simply occurred; it must be the proximate cause of the non-performance. The claiming party has to show that “but for” the event, they would have been able to perform. 

- **[Impossibility of Performance](https://prime.greeks.live/area/impossibility-of-performance/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite)** ▴ The event must have rendered performance impossible, not merely more difficult, expensive, or commercially inconvenient. While some clauses may use a lower standard like “hindered” or “delayed,” the default expectation is a high threshold of impossibility. Economic hardship alone is rarely sufficient to trigger a force majeure clause. 

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## Navigating the Nuances of Contractual Language

The strategic approach to a [force majeure claim](https://prime.greeks.live/question/does-the-governing-law-of-a-contract-significantly-impact-a-force-majeure-claim/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) is dictated by the specific wording of the clause in question. The table below illustrates how different types of clauses can affect the strategic calculus.

| Clause Type | Strategic Implication | Example Language |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Exhaustive List | The claiming party must prove the event fits one of the specific, enumerated categories. This provides certainty but lacks flexibility. | “. war, terrorism, earthquake, flood, or fire.” |
| Non-Exhaustive List with Catch-All | Offers more flexibility. If the event is not listed, the party can argue it falls under the general catch-all provision. | “. including but not limited to acts of God, natural disasters, or any other event beyond the reasonable control of the parties.” |
| Standard of Performance | The wording dictates the required level of impact. “Prevented” implies impossibility, while “hindered” or “delayed” suggests a lower threshold. | “. is prevented from performing. ” vs. “. is hindered or delayed in performing. ” |

> The duty to mitigate requires the affected party to demonstrate they took all reasonable steps to avoid the event’s consequences and continue performance where possible.

This detailed analysis of the contract’s text forms the foundation of the claim. A party’s strategy must be built upon a realistic assessment of its contractual rights and obligations. Any attempt to invoke force majeure without this foundational work is likely to fail, potentially exposing the claiming party to a [breach of contract](https://prime.greeks.live/area/breach-of-contract/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) lawsuit.

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## Execution

Executing a successful force [majeure claim](https://prime.greeks.live/question/does-the-governing-law-of-a-contract-significantly-impact-a-force-majeure-claim/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) is a procedural and evidentiary exercise that demands precision and diligence. Once the strategic decision to invoke the clause has been made, the focus shifts to the meticulous assembly of a case that can withstand legal scrutiny. This operational phase requires a systematic approach to notification, evidence collection, and the demonstration of mitigation efforts.

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## The Critical Path to Invoking Force Majeure

The following steps represent a structured playbook for a party seeking to be excused from performance under a force majeure clause. Each step is a critical component of the overall execution.

- **Immediate Contractual Review** ▴ The first action is a thorough analysis of the force majeure provision and any related clauses in the contract. This review must identify the scope of covered events, notice requirements, and the consequences of invoking the clause. 

- **Formal Notice** ▴ The contract will almost certainly specify a time frame and method for providing notice to the [other party](https://prime.greeks.live/question/can-a-party-to-a-legacy-contract-choose-a-replacement-rate-other-than-the-one-selected-by-the-federal-reserve/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite). This requirement is often a condition precedent, meaning that a failure to provide timely and proper notice can waive the right to claim force majeure. The notice should be in writing and detail the nature of the event, its impact on performance, and the expected duration of the disruption. 

- **Evidence Compilation** ▴ The claiming party must gather and preserve all evidence that supports its position. This documentation is crucial for demonstrating the existence of the force [majeure event](https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-distinguishes-a-force-majeure-event-from-an-event-of-default/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite) and its direct impact on performance. 

- **Demonstration of Mitigation** ▴ A party cannot simply cease performance when a force majeure event occurs. There is a legal duty to take reasonable steps to mitigate the impact of the event and to minimize damages. The claiming party must be able to prove that it explored all viable alternatives to continue performance. 

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## A Framework for Evidentiary Support

The credibility of a force majeure claim rests on the quality of the evidence presented. The following table outlines the types of evidence that should be collected to support each element of the claim.

| Element of the Claim | Types of Supporting Evidence |
| --- | --- |
| Existence of the Event | Government orders (e.g. lockdowns, travel bans), official weather reports, news articles from reputable sources, geological surveys, public health announcements. |
| Causation and Impossibility | Internal communications detailing the impact on operations, correspondence with suppliers and customers, production logs showing work stoppages, shipping manifests showing canceled deliveries, expert reports analyzing the disruption. |
| Mitigation Efforts | Records of attempts to find alternative suppliers, documentation of revised production schedules, communications with the other party proposing alternative performance methods, cost-benefit analyses of potential workarounds. |
| Timeliness of Notice | Dated copies of the formal notice sent to the other party, proof of delivery (e.g. courier receipts, email read receipts), records of any preliminary communications about the disruptive event. |

> Properly documenting mitigation efforts is as important as proving the force majeure event itself, as it demonstrates good faith and diligence.

The execution of a force majeure claim is a dynamic process. The claiming party should maintain open lines of communication with the other party, providing regular updates on the situation and the ongoing efforts to mitigate its effects. This transparent approach can help preserve the business relationship and may open the door to a negotiated solution, avoiding the cost and uncertainty of formal legal proceedings. Ultimately, the goal is to present a clear, well-documented, and legally sound argument that leaves no doubt as to the validity of the claim.

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## References

- Williston, Samuel, and Richard A. Lord. _A Treatise on the Law of Contracts_. 4th ed. Thomson Reuters, 2007.

- _Kyocera Corp. v. Hemlock Semiconductor, LLC_, 886 N.W.2d 445 (Mich. Ct. App. 2015).

- _Gulf Oil Corp. v. F.E.R.C._, 706 F.2d 444 (3d Cir. 1983).

- _Pacific Vegetable Oil Corp. v. C. S. T. Ltd._, 174 P.2d 441 (Cal. 1946).

- _Atlantic Paper Stock Ltd. v. St. Anne-Nackawic Pulp & Paper Co._, 1 S.C.R. 580.

- _Seadrill Ghana Operations Ltd v Tullow Ghana Ltd_ EWHC 1640 (Comm).

- Latham & Watkins. “Impact of COVID-19 on French Law Governed Contracts ▴ Update.”

- American Journal of International Law. “Force Majeure.” via JSTOR.

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## Reflection

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## Beyond a Contractual Escape Hatch

Viewing force majeure solely as a reactive legal remedy is a constrained perspective. A more advanced understanding positions it as a component within a broader system of strategic risk management. The strength and clarity of a force majeure clause, negotiated and drafted with foresight, reflect an organization’s maturity in assessing and allocating risk before a crisis materializes. The process of contemplating what might constitute a “superior force” compels a deep analysis of a contract’s dependencies and vulnerabilities, from supply chains to regulatory environments.

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## A Proactive Stance on Systemic Risk

The true strategic value of this contractual architecture is realized long before an event ever occurs. It lies in the pre-emptive identification of potential points of failure and the conscious decision-making about which party is best positioned to bear that risk. An effectively constructed clause provides a clear operational playbook when disruption strikes, reducing ambiguity and contention.

This allows leadership to focus on navigating the crisis itself, rather than engaging in protracted disputes over [contractual interpretation](https://prime.greeks.live/area/contractual-interpretation/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite). The question then evolves from “How do we get out of this?” to “How does our pre-planned framework guide our response now?” This shift in thinking is the hallmark of a resilient and strategically sophisticated enterprise.

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## Glossary

<a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/force-majeure-clause/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Force Majeure Clause

Meaning ▴ A Force Majeure Clause is a contractual provision excusing one or both parties from performing their obligations under a contract following the occurrence of certain specified events beyond their reasonable control. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/risk-allocation/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Risk Allocation

Meaning ▴ Risk Allocation refers to the systematic assignment and distribution of financial exposure and its potential outcomes across various entities, portfolios, or operational units within an institutional trading framework. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-essential-elements-to-include-when-drafting-a-robust-force-majeure-clause/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Force Majeure

A robust force majeure clause is an engineered protocol for managing systemic shocks to contractual performance. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-essential-elements-to-include-when-drafting-a-robust-force-majeure-clause/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Majeure Clause

A robust force majeure clause is an engineered protocol for managing systemic shocks to contractual performance. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-specific-risks-of-incorrectly-claiming-an-inactive-entity-exemption-for-a-legacy-company/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Claiming Party

Incorrectly claiming an inactive entity exemption exposes a legacy company to severe financial and reputational risks. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/foreseeability/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Foreseeability

Meaning ▴ Foreseeability, in the context of institutional digital asset derivatives, defines the capacity to anticipate the future state or outcome of a market event, system interaction, or trade execution with a quantifiable degree of probability and precision. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-distinguishes-a-force-majeure-event-from-an-event-of-default/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Force Majeure Event

Force Majeure is a protocol for external, uncontrollable system shocks; an Event of Default is a handler for internal counterparty failures. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/impossibility-of-performance/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Impossibility of Performance

Meaning ▴ Impossibility of Performance refers to a condition where a contractual obligation, particularly within a digital asset derivatives agreement, cannot be fulfilled due to a supervening event that renders execution objectively unachievable, irrespective of the parties' willingness or effort. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/does-the-governing-law-of-a-contract-significantly-impact-a-force-majeure-claim/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Force Majeure Claim

The governing law of a contract is the determinative legal framework that dictates the existence, interpretation, and success of a force majeure claim. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/breach-of-contract/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Breach of Contract

Meaning ▴ A breach of contract, within the context of institutional digital asset derivatives, represents a critical deviation from the predefined operational parameters or agreed-upon execution logic embedded within a financial protocol or smart contract. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/does-the-governing-law-of-a-contract-significantly-impact-a-force-majeure-claim/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Majeure Claim

The governing law of a contract is the determinative legal framework that dictates the existence, interpretation, and success of a force majeure claim. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/can-a-party-to-a-legacy-contract-choose-a-replacement-rate-other-than-the-one-selected-by-the-federal-reserve/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Other Party

A party can select an alternative to the Fed's rate if the contract grants them that authority or if all parties mutually agree to an amendment. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/question/what-distinguishes-a-force-majeure-event-from-an-event-of-default/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Majeure Event

Force Majeure is a protocol for external, uncontrollable system shocks; an Event of Default is a handler for internal counterparty failures. </a><a href="https://prime.greeks.live/area/contractual-interpretation/?utm_source=options.greeks.live&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=satellite" class="glossary-item-box">
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## Contractual Interpretation

Meaning ▴ Contractual Interpretation establishes the precise operational parameters and expected behavior of a financial instrument or protocol based on its documented specifications, ensuring deterministic execution outcomes within a digital asset derivatives framework. </a>

**Tags:** [Force Majeure Clause](https://options.greeks.live/area/force-majeure-clause/), [Foreseeability](https://options.greeks.live/area/foreseeability/), [Common Law Contracts](https://options.greeks.live/area/common-law-contracts/), [Contractual Interpretation](https://options.greeks.live/area/contractual-interpretation/), [Mitigation of Damages](https://options.greeks.live/area/mitigation-of-damages/), [Impossibility of Performance](https://options.greeks.live/area/impossibility-of-performance/)	

## Discover More

- 
### [Could the Covid-19 Pandemic Have Triggered the Force Majeure Clause in the 2002 ISDA?](https://options.greeks.live/question/could-the-covid-19-pandemic-have-triggered-the-force-majeure-clause-in-the-2002-isda/)
![Glossy, intersecting forms in beige, blue, and teal embody RFQ protocol efficiency, atomic settlement, and aggregated liquidity for institutional digital asset derivatives. The sleek design reflects high-fidelity execution, prime brokerage capabilities, and optimized order book dynamics for capital efficiency.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/precision-engineered-digital-asset-derivatives-execution-via-optimized-rfq-protocols-enhancing-principal-operational-frameworks.jpg)

The 2002 ISDA Force Majeure clause was unlikely to be triggered by COVID-19 as it requires operational impossibility, not economic hardship.

- 
### [What Are the Potential Remedies If a Vendor Successfully Proves an Rfp Was Canceled in Bad Faith?](https://options.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-potential-remedies-if-a-vendor-successfully-proves-an-rfp-was-canceled-in-bad-faith/)
![A central glowing blue mechanism with a precision reticle is encased by dark metallic panels. This symbolizes an institutional-grade Principal's operational framework for high-fidelity execution of digital asset derivatives. It embodies RFQ processing, enabling price discovery within a deep liquidity pool, optimizing market microstructure.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/precision-core-enabling-institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution.jpg)

A vendor's recourse for a bad faith RFP cancellation is a legal framework designed to recover economic damages under implied contract theory.

- 
### [What Legal Recourse Is Available If a Vendor Is Found to Have Violated an Nda in an Rfp Process?](https://options.greeks.live/question/what-legal-recourse-is-available-if-a-vendor-is-found-to-have-violated-an-nda-in-an-rfp-process/)
![Abstract geometric planes in teal, navy, and grey intersect. A central beige object, symbolizing a precise RFQ inquiry, passes through a teal anchor, representing High-Fidelity Execution within Institutional Digital Asset Derivatives. This depicts optimal Price Discovery and Liquidity Aggregation.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/rfq-protocols-for-digital-asset-derivatives-high-fidelity-execution-liquidity-aggregation-price-discovery-market-microstructure.jpg)

A vendor's NDA violation in an RFP triggers legal recourse through breach of contract claims, seeking damages and injunctive relief.

- 
### [What Are the Legal Risks of Attempting to Create Mutuality through an Assignment of a Claim?](https://options.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-legal-risks-of-attempting-to-create-mutuality-through-an-assignment-of-a-claim/)
![A transparent central hub with precise, crossing blades symbolizes institutional RFQ protocol execution. This abstract mechanism depicts price discovery and algorithmic execution for digital asset derivatives, showcasing liquidity aggregation, market microstructure efficiency, and best execution.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-platform-microstructure.jpg)

Assigning a claim to create mutuality is a high-risk procedure where flawed execution can void the intended set-off.

- 
### [How Does the Legal Interpretation of Force Majeure Clauses Impact the Design of a Monitoring System?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-does-the-legal-interpretation-of-force-majeure-clauses-impact-the-design-of-a-monitoring-system/)
![A sleek, institutional-grade device featuring a reflective blue dome, representing a Crypto Derivatives OS Intelligence Layer for RFQ and Price Discovery. Its metallic arm, symbolizing Pre-Trade Analytics and Latency monitoring, ensures High-Fidelity Execution for Multi-Leg Spreads.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-intelligence-layer.jpg)

A monitoring system's design is dictated by legal force majeure interpretations, translating contractual risk into actionable, real-time intelligence.

- 
### [How Can a Federation Agreement Precisely Allocate Financial Liability?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-can-a-federation-agreement-precisely-allocate-financial-liability/)
![A translucent digital asset derivative, like a multi-leg spread, precisely penetrates a bisected institutional trading platform. This reveals intricate market microstructure, symbolizing high-fidelity execution and aggregated liquidity, crucial for optimal RFQ price discovery within a Principal's Prime RFQ.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-platform-microstructure.jpg)

A federation agreement allocates financial liability by creating a precise, private legal framework of indemnification and liability caps.

- 
### [To What Extent Does the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing Apply during a Procurement Process?](https://options.greeks.live/question/to-what-extent-does-the-implied-covenant-of-good-faith-and-fair-dealing-apply-during-a-procurement-process/)
![A crystalline sphere, representing aggregated price discovery and implied volatility, rests precisely on a secure execution rail. This symbolizes a Principal's high-fidelity execution within a sophisticated digital asset derivatives framework, connecting a prime brokerage gateway to a robust liquidity pipeline, ensuring atomic settlement and minimal slippage for institutional block trades.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-execution-platform-optimizing-liquidity-and-risk-management-through-advanced-protocols.jpg)

The implied covenant of good faith mandates that parties in a procurement process act fairly to preserve the contract's intended benefits.

- 
### [How Can an Organization Ensure Its RFP Cancellation Notice Is Legally Defensible?](https://options.greeks.live/question/how-can-an-organization-ensure-its-rfp-cancellation-notice-is-legally-defensible/)
![Abstract composition featuring transparent liquidity pools and a structured Prime RFQ platform. Crossing elements symbolize algorithmic trading and multi-leg spread execution, visualizing high-fidelity execution within market microstructure for institutional digital asset derivatives via RFQ protocols.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/institutional-digital-asset-derivatives-trading-system-precision-engineering-facilitating-high-fidelity-execution-via-rfq-protocols-and-optimal-liquidity-aggregation.jpg)

A legally defensible RFP cancellation is achieved through a documented, good-faith business reason executed via a fair and transparent process.

- 
### [What Is the Legal Test for Determining If an RFP Amendment Is Material?](https://options.greeks.live/question/what-is-the-legal-test-for-determining-if-an-rfp-amendment-is-material/)
![A transparent blue sphere, symbolizing precise Price Discovery and Implied Volatility, is central to a layered Principal's Operational Framework. This structure facilitates High-Fidelity Execution and RFQ Protocol processing across diverse Aggregated Liquidity Pools, revealing the intricate Market Microstructure of Institutional Digital Asset Derivatives.](https://options.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/digital-asset-derivatives-rfq-execution-system-microstructure-principal-framework.jpg)

The legal test for a material RFP amendment assesses if the change would have altered the competitive landscape had it been in the original solicitation.

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---

**Original URL:** https://options.greeks.live/question/what-are-the-primary-legal-tests-for-a-force-majeure-claim-to-succeed/
